Hematology

Hematology ( American English ) or '''haematology''' ( British English ) is the branch of biology (physiology), Pathology , Clinical Laboratory , Internal Medicine , and Pediatrics that is concerned with the study of Blood , the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of Etiology , Diagnosis , treatment, Prognosis , and Prevention of blood diseases. The lab work that goes into the study of blood is performed by a Medical Technologist .

Blood diseases affect the production of blood and its components, such as Blood Cells , Haemoglobin , Blood Proteins , the mechanism of Coagulation , etc.

HEMATOLOGISTS

Medical doctors who work in hematology are known as hematologists. Their routine work may range from the management of the hematology laboratory, work at the Microscope viewing Blood Film s and Bone Marrow slides, interpretation of various hematological test results, care of in-patients and care of out-patients. Hematologists who work in laboratories are referred to as "hematopathologists", whereas specialists in the treatment of hematologic diseases are called "hematologist/oncologists".

Hematologists may specialise further or have special interests, for example in:

treating bleeding disorders such as Hemophilia

treating hematological malignacies such as Lymphoma and Leukemia (onco hematology)

treating Hemoglobinopathies

in the science of Blood Transfusion and the work of a Blood Bank

''(Hema- comes from the Greek word "`'aima" meaning "blood", -logy comes from the Greek "logos" meaning word. [referring to the first root word, as in biology, with bio- meaning life and, of course

COMMON BASIC CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY TESTS

In a clinical laboratory the hematology department performs numerous different tests on blood. The most commonly performed test is the Complete Blood Count (CBC) also called full blood count (FBC), which includes; White Blood Cell count, Platelet count, Hemoglobin level and several parameters of Red Blood Cell s. Coagulation is a sub-speciality of hematology; basic general coagulation tests are the Prothrombin Time (PT) and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT). Another common hematology test in the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).

In a Blood Bank the Coombs Test is the most commonly performed test.

HEMATOLOGY AS BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE

Blood

--- Venous Blood

--- Venipuncture

--- Hemopoiesis

--- Blood Tests

--- Cord Blood

Red Blood Cell s

--- Erythropoiesis

--- Erythropoietin

--- Iron Metabolism

--- Hemoglobin

--- Glycolysis

--- Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Reticuloendothelial System

--- Bone Marrow

--- Spleen

--- Liver

Lymphatic System

Blood Transfusion

--- Blood Plasma

--- Blood Bank

--- Blood Donor s

--- Blood Groups

Haemostasis

--- Coagulation

--- Vitamin K

Complement System

--- Immunoglobulins

CLASSIFICATION OF HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES

Hemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of the Hemoglobin molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis)

--- Sickle-cell Disease

--- Thalassemia

--- Methemoglobinemia

Anemia s (lack of Red Blood Cells or hemoglobin)

--- Iron Deficiency Anemia

--- Megaloblastic Anemia

-- Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency

- Pernicious Anemia

-- Folate deficiency

--- Hemolytic Anemias (destruction of Red Blood Cells )

--Genetic disorders of RBC membrane

- Hereditary Spherocytosis

- Hereditary Elliptocytosis

--Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism

- Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)

- Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

--Immune mediated hemolytic anaemia ( Direct Coombs Test is positive)

- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

---Idiopathic

--- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

--- Evans' Syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and haemolytic antibodies)

Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia

--- Idiopathic Cold Hemagglutinin Syndrome

--- Infectious Mononucleosis

--- Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (rare)

- Alloimmune hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn (HDN)

--- Rh Disease (Rh D)

--- ABO Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn

--- Anti-Kell Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn

--- Rhesus C Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn

---Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, RhE, Kid, Duffy, MN, P and others)

-Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anaemia

Penicillin (high dose)

Methyldopa

-- Hemoglobinopathies (where these is an unstable or crystalline hemoglobin)

-- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (rare acquired clonal disorder of red blood cell surface proteins)

--Direct physical damage to RBCs

- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

-Secondary to Artificial Heart Valve (s)

--- Aplastic Anemia

-- Fanconi Anemia

-- Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

-- Acquired Pure Red Cell Aplasia

Decreased numbers of cells

--- Myelodysplastic Syndrome

--- Myelofibrosis

--- Neutropenia (decrease in the number of Neutrophils )

--- Agranulocytosis

--- Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia

--- Thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of Platelets )

-- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

-- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

-- Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Myeloproliferative Disorder s (Increased numbers of cells)

--- Polycythemia Vera (increase in the number of cells in general)

--- Leukocytosis (increase in the number of White Blood Cells )

--- Thrombocytosis (increase in the number of Platelets )

--- Myeloproliferative Disorder

Hematological Malignancies

--- Lymphoma s

-- Hodgkin's Disease

-- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

-- Burkitt's Lymphoma

-- Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

-- Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma

-- Hepatosplenic T-cell Lymphoma

-- Angioimmunoblastic T-cell Lymphoma (AILT)

--- Myeloma s

-- Multiple Myeloma

-- Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

--- Plasmacytoma

--- Leukemia s

-- Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

-- Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

-- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

-- T-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia (T-PLL)

-- B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia (B-PLL)

-- Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL)

-- Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL)

-- T-cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia (T-LGL)

-- Aggressive NK-cell Leukemia

Coagulopathies (disorders of Bleeding and Coagulation )

--- Thrombocytosis

---Recurrent Thrombosis

--- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

---Disorders of clotting proteins

-- Hemophilia

- Hemophilia A

- Hemophilia B (also known as Christmas Disease )

- Hemophilia C

-- Von Willebrand Disease

-- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

-- Protein S Deficiency

-- Antiphospholipid Syndrome

---Disorders of Platelets

-- Thrombocytopenia

-- Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia

-- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Miscellaneous

--- Haemochromatosis

--- Asplenia

--- Hypersplenism

-- Gauchers Disease

--- Monoclonal Gammopathy Of Undetermined Significance

Hematological changes secondary to non-hematological disorders

--- Anemia Of Chronic Disease

--- Infectious Mononucleosis

--- AIDS

--- Malaria

--- Leishmaniasis

TESTS

Tests used in the investigation of hematological problems include:

Full Blood Count

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Blood Film

Bone Marrow Examination

Coombs Test

Diascopy

serum Ferritin level

Vitamin B12 and Folate levels

Prothrombin Time

Partial Thromboplastin Time

Protein Electrophoresis

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

D-dimer

TREATMENTS

Treatments include:

Diet advice

Oral Medication - tablets or liquid medicines

Anticoagulation therapy

Intramuscular injections (for example, Vitamin B12 injections)

Blood Transfusion (for Anemia )

Venesection (for Iron Overload or Polycythemia )

Bone Marrow Transplant (for example, for Leukemia )

Chemotherapy (for example, for Leukemia )

Radiotherapy (in decline, for example, for Leukemia )

ALPHABETICAL LISTS

EXTERNAL LINKS

American Society of Hematology

BloodLine

Major milestones in history of hematology (PDF)

Multilingual index

Extensive Hematology Slide Collection

	CATEGORIES ABOUT HEMATOLOGY

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Information About

Hematology