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In Linguistics , a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by a verb as not having happened yet, but expected to in the future. FUTURE TENSE IN ENGLISH In English , as in most Germanic Languages , there is no simple future tense. Futurity is expressed either by using words that imply future action ("I go to Berlin ''tomorrow''.") or by employing an auxiliary construction that combines certain present tense verbs with the stem of the verb which represents the true action of the sentence. The tradition that English has a future tense traces to the period of 300 years, from 1066 to about 1350, when Anglo-Norman was the official language of England. Norman , unlike English, is a Romance Language ; and the Romance languages, unlike Germanic languages, ''do'' have a simple future tense. The most common auxiliary verbs used to express futurity are ''will'', ''should'', ''can'', ''may'', and ''must''. Of these, "will" is the most neutral and it is the most commonly used. "Should" implies obligation or commitment to the action contemplated. "Can" implies the ability to commit the action but does not presuppose obligation or ''firm'' commitment to the action. "May" expresses the least sense of commitment and is the most permissive; it is also a verb used in the auxiliary construction that suggests conditionality. "Must," by contrast, expresses the highest degree of obligation and commitment ("I ''must'' go") and is temporally nearest to present time in its expression of futurity ("I must go ''now''.") To wit:
To express futurity in the negative, a negative adverb - such as "not" or "never" is inserted after the auxiliary verb, as in all other auxiliary constructions.
In all of these, action within a future range of time is contemplated. But in all cases, the sentences are actually voiced in the present tense, since there is no proper future tense in English. It is the ''implication'' of futurity that makes these present tense auxiliary constructions amount to a compound future quasi-tense. : Note that some commentators, especially in England, prefer that the first person, whether 'I' or 'we' decline with 'shall' as the auxiliary and that the other two persons decline with 'will'. This does not describe, nor has it ever described, common usage anywhere in the world, although there are people who follow it. Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, 1994 It was originally suggested in Chambers's 17th century grammar. This reality, that expression of futurity in English is a function of the present tense, is born out by the ability to negate the implication of futurity without making any change to the auxiliary construction. When a verbal construction that suggests futurity (such as "I shall go") is subsequently followed by information that establishes a condition or presupposition, or the active verb stem itself contradicts a future indicative application of the construction, then any sense of future tense is negated - especially when the auxiliary ''will'' is used within its literal meaning, which is to voluntarily 'will' an action. For example:
The second 'will', in B's response, is not only expressing volition here but is being used in contradistinction to the usual first person 'shall' in order to achieve ''emphasis''. Similarly, in the case of the second and third persons, 'will' operates with 'shall' in reverse. '''For example: A: Will he be at the café at six o'clock? B: He will be there. affirmation BUT B: He ''shall'' be there. that this is not the usual pattern that was previously established or to be expected (Last time he was late or did not show up) ''' Additional auxiliary constructions used to express futurity are labelled as follows: Future Continuous: Auxiliary + Verb Stem + Present Participle
Future Perfect: Auxiliary + Verb Stem + Past Participle
Future Perfect Habitual (or Future Perfect Continuous): Auxiliary + Verb Stem + Past Participle + Present Participle
FUTURE TENSE IN LATIN The future tense forms in Latin varied by conjugation. Here is a sample of the future tense for the first conjugation verb 'amare', 'to love'. amabo I will (shall) love amabis You (singular) will love amabit He, she, it will love amabimus We will (shall) love amabitis You (plural) will love amabunt They will love This method of producing the future tense in Latin was replaced in the Romance languages by another form using the infinitive plus an ending. FUTURE TENSES AND PERIPHRASTIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN ROMANCE LANGUAGES Languages that have a true future tense include the Romance Languages ; most also have a periphrastic construction, like English. For example, French has a true future tense ''j'aimerai, tu aimeras, il aimera'', "he will love" (from ''aimer,'' to like and ''il a'', he has, so it's literally "He has to love"), but the future is most commonly expressed with the verb ''aller'' as an auxiliary: ''je vais aimer, tu vas aimer, il va aimer''. As in English, this periphrastic construction is also available in the past, by conjugating ''aller'' to the imperfect: ''j'allais voir'' "I was going to see". Depending on grammatical context, this can sometimes be done with the conditional: ''Le lendemain, il reconnaîtrait son erreur'' (The day after, he would recognize his mistake). Confusingly, Catalan uses the verb ''anar'' for periphrastic constructions both in the future (with the preposition ''a'') and the past (without the preposition). In other words, ''jo vaig a veure'' is "I will see"; ''jo vaig veure'' is "I saw." Many Romance languages use the future tense also to refer to a supposition or a statement about habit, for example in Spanish : ''serán las once'' ("It will be 11 o'clock," meaning "I suppose it's around 11, it must be 11 by now"). This construction is also found in German. FUTURE TENSE IN FRENCH ,'' the '' Futur Simple ,'' and the '' Futur Parfait ''. Future simple The future simple is made by simply taking the infinitive of the verb and adding the correct form of ''avoir'' (to have) to the end of the word. In the ''nous'' and ''vous'' form of the word, the ending is instead just ''-ons'' and ''-ez'', respectively. However, there are also some French verbs for which an irregular stem is used, such as ''aller'' (to go, futur simple stem = ir-), ''avoir'' (to have, futur simple stem = aur-) and ''etre'' (to be, futur simple stem = ser-). Note, the stem always ends in "r". For instance: manger- to eat - futur simple stem Je mangerai I will eat ir- to go - futur simple stem Nous irons We will go The futur simple usually refers to events that will happen further away in time than the futur proche. The formations of some of the common irregular verbs are: acheter = j'achèterai aller = j'irai appeler = j'appellerai appuyer = j'appuierai avoir = j'aurai devoir = je devrai employer = j'emploierai envoyer = j'enverrai être = je serai faire = je ferai pouvoir = je pourrai recevoir = je recevrai savoir = je saurai venir = je viendrai voir = je verrai vouloir = je voudrai Futur proche The future proche uses the correct present form of ''aller'' (to go) and then has the infinitive after: ''je mange, je vais manger'' = I eat, I am going to eat. Aller: je vais tu vas il va nous allons vous allez ils vont Note: There is no distinction between the English present and present continuous tenses. je vais = I go, I am going Futur Antérieur Equivalent of English ''I shall have {Link without Title} .'' Formed by using the future form of ''avoir'' or ''être,'' plus the past participle. Examples: ''J'aurai fini'' = ''I will have finished'' ''Il aura mangé'' = ''He will have eaten'' ''Je serai parti'' = ''I will have left'' ''Il sera venu'' = ''He will have come'' The past participle of a regular verb ends in either -i, -é or u. finir --> fini manger --> mangé rendre --> rendu There are many verbs, however, that end in "voir" that are shortened to the first letter of the verb plus "u". devoir --> dû voir --> vu pouvoir --> pu savoir --> su Irregular verb stems in Future Tense FUTURE TENSE IN SPANISH In Spanish, there are two main tenses that describe the future: the futuro simple, and the '''futuro perfecto'''. Futuro Simple The futuro simple is formed by, excluding the irregular verbs (e.g. '''querer''', ''to want'', or '''salir''', ''to go out''), appending the following to the end of the Infinitive form of a verb: The English equivalent is " Will / Shall ''verb''." Irregular Stems of the Futuro Simple Irregular stems include: Note that these irregular stems are also used in the Conditional Tense . Other ways of expressing future Spanish uses combinations of two verbs, where one is used as an auxiliary one. One of the most common structure to express future is "ir" + Example: Voy a comprar 'I'm going to buy' Futuro Perfecto The futuro perfecto is formed by using the simple future form of the verb ''' Haber ''', ''to have'', and the Past Participle of the desired verb. The English equivalent is " Will have ''past participle of verb''." FUTURE TENSE IN SCOTTISH GAELIC In Gaelic , the future tense is formed in regular verbs by adding aidh or '''idh''' to the end of the root form of the verb ('''idh''' is used if the final vowel in the root is ''i'').
The negative is formed by inserting cha before the root, which is Lenited . '''Chan''' is substituted if the root begins with a vowel or an ''f'' followed by a vowel, which is also lenited.
In the interrogative, an is placed before the root of the verb. If the root begins with ''b'', ''f'', ''m'', or ''p'', '''am''' is used instead.
As in English, some forms are irregular - mostly common verbs. For example, the root for the word "to see" is ''faic'', but the positive future tense form "will see" is ''chì''. The copula is bidh (will be), '''cha bhi''' (will not be), '''am bi''' (interrogative), and '''nach bi''' (negative interrogative).
The linking verb (that will be) is gum bi (positive) or '''nach bi''' (negative).
To form other future tenses - future perfect, for example - simply use present tense grammar but change the verb in one of the above ways as appropriate. FUTURE TENSE IN WELSH Yr Amser Dyfodol Like most Celtic languages, there is no simple way of forming the future tense. Normally a verb is used to pro-long or decrease the time the subject whilst using the future tense.
Futurity can also be expressed by using words that imply future action
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