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The structure of federal governments vary from institution to institution based on a broad definition of Federation . Students of federal governments will note that within a basic federal political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common Institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a Constitution . The United States is considered the first modern federation. After gaining independence from Britain, the U.S. adopted its first constitution, Articles Of Confederation in 1781. This was the first step towards federalism by establishing the federal congress. Yet, congress was limited as to its ability to pursue economic, military, and judiciary reform. In 1787, federal congress participated in what is known as the Philadelphia Convention and by 1789, the U.S. was officially a federation. Other nation-states followed suit in establishing federal governments: Switzerland (1848); Canada (1867); Germany (1871 and again 1949); Australia (1901); Austria (1920) and again 1945).Watts, R., "Comparing Federal Systems" (2nd ed.) SPC Queen's U (1999) pp 20-26. SEE ALSO REFERENCES |
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