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EXISTENCE Although the legal use of Capital Punishment is generally decreasing around the world, individuals or groups deemed immediately threatening — or even, in times of comparative stability, simply "undesirable" — to a government's ability to govern may nevertheless be targeted for killing Extra-judicially by some regimes or their representatives. Such killing typically happens quickly, with skilled secret security forces on a covert basis, performed in such a way as to avoid massive public outcry and international criticism that would reflect badly on the state. Another possibility is for Overt , Uniformed Security Forces to kill the target, but often under circumstances that make it appear as Self-defense , such as by planting recently-fired weapons near his body, or Fabricating Evidence suggesting Suicide By Cop . In such cases, it can be surprisingly difficult to prove that the shooters acted wrongly. Because of the dangers inherent in any armed confrontation, even police or soldiers who would strongly, genuinely prefer to take their target alive may still kill him to protect themselves or civilians. Only in the most obvious cases, such as the Operation Flavius triple killing or the shooting of Jean Charles De Menezes will the authorities admit that "kill Or Capture" was replaced with "shoot On Sight" . Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of Totalitarian and other Politically Repressive regimes using Death Squad s for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed or internationally recognized Democracies have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain circumstances. In some cases, extrajudicial punishment may be planned and carried out Covertly by a particular branch of a state and its specific agents, without previously informing other sectors or even without having been secretly ordered to commit such acts. The other branches of the state can tacitly approve of it after the fact, but they can also directly disagree with it depending on the circumstances, especially when complex intragovernment or internal policy struggles exist within a state's policymaking apparatus. In times of War , Natural Disaster , Societal Collapse , or in the absence of an established system of Criminal Justice , there may be an increased incidence of extrajudicial punishment. In such Extreme Circumstances , police or military personnel may be authorised to Summarily Execute individuals involved in Rioting , Looting or Violent Acts , especially if caught '' In Flagrante Delicto ''. A "disappearance" occurs where someone who is believed to have been targeted for Extrajudicial Execution does not reappear alive. Their ultimate fate is thereafter unknown or never fully confirmed. AROUND THE WORLD See NKVD Troika and Special Council Of The NKVD for examples from the history of the Soviet Union , where extrajudicial punishment " By Administrative Means " was part of the state policy. Most Latin American dictatorships have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see '' Operation Condor .'' http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860 Some consider the killing of , Andreas Baader , Gudrun Ensslin , and Jan-Carl Raspe is by some regarded as extrajudicial killings, a theory partly based on the testimony of Irmgard Möller . The government of Israel has also been accused of carrying out extrajudicial killings, which they term "targeted assassinations," against leaders of organisations involved in carrying out attacks against Israel. The Israeli government and its defenders, however, consider these people to be Enemy Combatant s and not Civilians ; claiming they are legitimate military targets as per the Rules Of Engagement . During the Apartheid years South Africa's security forces were also accused of using extra-judicial means to deal with their political opponents. After his release, Nelson Mandela would refer to these acts as proof of a Third Force . This was denied vehemently by the administration of F.W. De Klerk . Later the South African Truth And Reconciliation Commission , led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu would find that both military and police agencies such as the Civil Cooperation Bureau and C10 based at Vlakplaas were guilty off gross Human Rights Violations . This led the International Criminal Court to declare apartheid a Crime Against Humanity . TORTURE Many countries find it expedient from time to time to use techniques of a kind used in torture; at the same time few wish to be described as doing so, either to their own 2004 . This link needs fixing. See the references in this link . This could be one of two articles. Torture remains a frequent method of repression in Totalitarian regimes, Terrorist Organizations , and Organized Crime . In authoritarian regimes, torture is often used to extract confessions from political dissenters, so that they admit to being Spies or Conspirator s, probably manipulated by some foreign country. Most notably, such a dynamic of forced confessions marked the justice system of the Soviet Union during the reign of Stalin (thoroughly described in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's '' Gulag Archipelago ''). Most modern torturers, even when their interrogation methods are sanctioned by organs of a state, are often working outside the law. For this reason, some torturers tend to prefer methods that, while unpleasant, leave victims alive and unmarked. A victim who is not visibly damaged may lack credibility when telling tales of torture, whereas a person missing fingernails or eyes can easily prove claims of torture. The 4 different modern examples are listed in the sub-headings below, along with the 'Cold War' to help to illustrate the point. Cold war usage Torture was widely practiced in the Soviet Union prior to its transformation to a Federation in the 1980s, to extract confessions from suspects, especially in case of alleged plots against the security of the state or alleged collaboration with " Imperialist powers". Under Enver Hoxha 's Communist dictatorship, torture was widely used. Since its fall, Amnesty International has reported police abuses amounting to torture; the government says it has "made efforts to punish all acts of torture under the Albanian criminal justice system". The regime of General , who was held along with her mother at the notorious Villa Grimaldi detention center in Santiago . During the so-called " Dirty War " carried out in the 1970s, in particular, but not only, by the Military Dictatorship from 1976 to 1983, tens of thousands of Argentines were "disappeared" by the junta, many never to be seen again. The National Commission On The Disappearance Of Persons concluded: :In nearly all the cases brought to the attention of the Commission, the victims speak of acts of torture. Torture was an important element in the methodology of repression. Secret torture centres were set up, among other reasons, to enable the carrying out of torture to be carried out undisturbed.National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons, The ''Nunca Más'' (Never Again) CONADEP Report , 1984. Russia The Constitution Of Russia forbids arbitrary detention, Torture and ill-treatment. Part 2 of Article 21 of the constitution states that "no one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment…". However Russian police is regularly observed practicing torture - including beatings, electric shocks, rape, asphyxiation - in interrogating arrested suspects. Amnesty International report . Justice Report by Amnesty International Torture and ill-treatment UN Committee against Torture Must Get Commitments From Russia to Stop Torture Torture and humiliation '' In most extreme cases, hundreds of innocent people from the street were arbitrary arrested, beaten, tortured, and raped by special police forces. Such incidents took place not only in Chechnya, but also in Russian towns of Blagoveshensk, Bezetsk, and Nefteyugansk ''"The entire city was beaten"'' -by Marat Hayrullin - Novaya Gazeta (Russian) ''"A profession: to mop up the Motherland"'' - by Marat Hayrullin - Novaya Gazeta (Russian) ''"Welcome to Fairytale"'' -by Marat Hayrullin - Novaya Gazeta (Russian) Nigeria In 2005, Human Rights Watch documented that Nigerian police in the cities of Enugu , Lagos and Kano routinely practice torture. Dozens of witnesses and survivors stepped forward to testify to repeated, severe beatings, abuse of sexual organs, rape, death threats, injury by shooting and the denial of food and water. These abuses were used in campaigns against common crime.Human Rights Watch, “Rest in Pieces”: Police Torture and Deaths in Custody in Nigeria , July 2005. Systematic torture was used in conjunction with military occupation in an attempt to quell anti- Oil protests by the Ogoni People in the Niger Delta , according to a World Council Of Churches report.World Council of Churches Robinson , ''Ogoni: The Struggle Continues''. [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/dc_4897.html] Iraq The government headed by Baathist Saddam Hussein made extensive use of torture, including at the notorious Abu Ghraib Prison . At one point, Uday , Saddam's son, tortured an Iraqi football player by brutally injuring his feet. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4501982.stm http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1004174,00.html http://www.iraqfoundation.org/news/2003/emay/6_sports.html The post- Invasion Iraqi Government holds thousands of people in prison. After investigating from July to October 2004, Human Rights Watch found that torture was "routine and commonplace." According to their report,
Torture is reported to be on the increase according to some humanitarean and press agencies. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5368360.stm http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33349-2005Jan24.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1878100,00.html Uzbekistan After an investigating visit to Uzbekistan, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture Theo Van Boven concluded in a formal report : Forms of torture frequently cited include immersion in boiling water, exposure to extreme heat and cold, "the use of electric shock, temporary suffocation, hanging by the ankles or wrists, removal of fingernails, punctures with sharp objects, rape, the threat of rape, and the threat of murder of family members. Human Rights Watch, " Uzbekistan ", ''Human Rights Watch World Report 2001'' (For example, see Muzafar Avazov ) In 2003, Britain's Ambassador for October 23 2004 . USA Lynndie England holding a leash attached to a prisoner collapsed on the floor in the Abu Ghraib Prison .]] The 1990 beating of the Californian, torture scandal during the Iraq War were two examples. EXTRA-JUDICIAL KILLINGS For extrajudicial executions see also Assassination Extrajudicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political, trades union, dissident and/or social figures by either the state government, State Authorities like the armed forces and police (as in Liberia under Charles G. Taylor ), or by Criminal Outfits such as the Italian Mafia . Extrajudicial killings and Death Squads are most common in the Middle East (mostly in Palestine and Iraq ) http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 http://www.electronicintifada.net/bytopic/extrajudicial-killings.shtml http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engamr510792005 http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html , Central Americahttp://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html , Afghanistan , Bangladesh http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist , India and Kashmir http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/44302 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm http://www.gharib.demon.co.uk/reports/ustates.htm http://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/09-19_Extrajudicial_Killings.php?uid=1954 http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/us/060529ustamils.htm http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF71.htm several nations or regions in Equatorial Africa http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30001/story.htm http://www.genocidewatch.org/IVORYCOAST2003Page.htm http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45644-2005Jan28.html , Jamacia http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asphttp://www.guardian.co.uk/gayrights/story/0,12592,1659296,00.html] Kosovo, http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asphttp://www.guardian.co.uk/gayrights/story/0,12592,1659296,00.html [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61549-2004Mar15 , many parts of http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm , Uzbekistan , North Ossetia , parts of Thailand http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/ http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 and in the Philippines http://www.pinoyhr.net/ http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/ http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2692483.ece} http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592} http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 . The 3 different modern examples are listed in the sub-headings below, along with the 'Cold War' to help to illustrate the point. Cold war usage Nguyễn Ngọc Loan summarily executes Nguyễn Văn Lém .]] The former Soviet Union and Communist Bloc country used to also killed dissidents this way to, during the Cold War . Those who were not killed were sent to ' Gulag ' prison camps. Nguyễn Văn Lém (referred to as Captain Bay Lop) (died 1 February 1968 in Saigon ) was a member of the Viet Cong who was summarily executed in Saigon during the Tet Offensive . The picture of his death would became one of may an anti- Vietnam War icons in the Western World . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%C3%A9m During the 1960s throughout the 1970s death squads were used against the Viet Cong cadre as well as supporters in neighbouring countries notably Cambodia . See also Phoenix Program (also known as Phung Hoang). The Viet Cong also used death squads of their own against civilians for political reasons. The use of computers by the American forces to compile lists of 'suspects' as well as the indefinite detention of 'suspects' in 'black' locations as well as their detention, torture, and execution without judicial oversight or protection is typical of American Black Ops in the Post World War II era. and most of the 1970s . The Chilean Junta of 1972 to 1992 also committed such killings to. See Operation Condor for examples. Also during the , death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop Óscar Romero for his social activism in March 1980 . In December 1980, three American nuns and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the Carter administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the Reagan administration. Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was Battalion 316 . Hundreds of people, teachers, politicians, and union bosses were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States Central Intelligence Agency .http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal-negroponte1a,0,1240201.story??track=sto-relcon One of the earliest cases of extradudical killings was in Wiemar Germany http://econ161.berkeley.edu/movable_type/2003_archives/001832.html . Middle east The Israeli Intelligence and Hamas Militants have been in a steady war of attrition with each other, regularly killing local officials since the Fatah / Hamas Civil War began in early 2007 . Iraq has also suffered badly since the post-invasion insurgency of 2005 . Iraq was formed by British partitioning and domination of various tribal land in the early 20th century. The British later departed. They left behind a national government led from Baghdad that was mostly comprised of Sunni ethnicity in key positions of power that ruled over an ad-hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culuminating in the dictatorship of Saddam Hussien.http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/9/13/14133/1410/ The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the ethnic zone to the north, a Sunni center and the Shia ethnic zone to the south, with the Secular Socialist Baathist leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia and Kurdish peoples of this nation. This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia, Sunni, and the Kurdish Peshmerga . There were death squads formed by members of every ethnicity.3 In the national capital of Baghdad some members of the now Shia police department and army formed unofficial, unsanctioned, but long tolerated death squads.http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1869439,00.html They possibly have links to the Interior Ministry and are popularly known as the 'black crows'. These groups operated night or day. They usually arrested people, then either torturedhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/03/AR2005120300881.html or killed them.http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060914/ts_nm/iraq_dc The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni Insurgency . Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al-Na’as, Dr. Abdullateef al-Mayah, and Dr. Wissam Al-Hashimi have also been killed. These killings are not limited to only men. Women and children have at times have also been arrested and or killed. 4 Some of these killings have also been simple robberies or other criminal activities. A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of ''The New York Times'' claimed that the U.S. military had modelled the "Wolf Brigade", the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos, on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left-wing insurgency in El Salvador .5 Western news organizations such as ''Time'' and ''People'' disassembled this by focusing on the aspects such as probable Militia membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the United States backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4719252.stm During the 1950s a relatively moderate regime was put in power through the efforts of the CIA . Regardless, this regime of the Shah used SAVAK death squads to kill thousands. After the revolution death squads were used by the new regime. In 1983 the CIA gave one of the leaders of Iran Khomeni information on KGB agents in Iran. This information was probably used.The Iranian regime later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s however by the 2000s it has appeared to almost entirely if not all cease their operation. This partial Westernization of the country can be seen paralleling similar events in Lebanon , United Arab Emirates , and Northern Iraq beginning in the late 1990s See Also: Chain Murders of Iran Philippines Death squads were especially active in this country during the American invasion of the 1950s and the regime in the 1980s; they continue to be active as of 2007. The New People's Army (NPA) groups known as " Sparrow Units " were active in the mid-1980s, killing government officials, police personnel, military members, and anyone else they targeted for elimination. They were also supposedly part of an NPA operation called " Agaw Armas " ( Filipino for " Stealing Weapons "), where they raided government armories as well as stealing weapons from slain military and police personnel. A low level Civil War with south Moslems , Al-Qaeda sympathizers and Communist insurgents has led to a general break down of Law And Order . The Philippines Government has promised to curb the killings, but is itself implicated in many of the killings. http://www.pinoyhr.net/ Extrajudicial Killings Summit The 22nd PUNO Supreme Court is set to hold a National Consultative Summit On Extrajudicial Killings on July 16 and 17, 2007 at the Manila Hotel . Invited representatives from the three branches of the government will participate (including the AFP , the PNP , CHR , Media , Academe , Civil Society and Other Stakeholders ). Puno will give the Keynote Speech and Closing Remarks . Puno searches for major solutions to solve forced disappearances. During the first day of the summit, the speakers will present their respective papers comprising significant inputs from their respective sectors, while on the second day, the participants will break out into 12 groups (chaired by a Justice) and take part in a workshop. Local and international observers (the diplomatic corps and representatives from various international organizations) will be accredited. Puno announced that "the summit highlight will be a plenary session where each of the 12 groups shall report to the body their recommended resolutions. The reports and proposals will be synthesized and then transmitted to the concerned government agencies for appropriate action". The earlier slated Malacañang -sponsored "Mindanao Peace and Security Summit (July 8-10, 2007 at Cagayan de Oro City), focussed on how to make the anti-terror law, or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007, more acceptable to the public. [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094 Inquirer.net, SC slates summit on extrajudicial killings][http://www.gmanews.tv/story/49959/SC-slates-summit-on-extrajudicial-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Chief Justice unfazed by Palace meet] On July 16, 2007, Justices, activists, militant leaders, police officials, politicians and prelates attended the Supreme Court's two-day summit at the Manila Hotel in Manila City to map out ways to put an end to the string of extrajudicial killings in the Philippines . Bayan was set to launch their " Silent Protest ", but expressed support for the high court's initiative. Director Geary Barias, chief of the police's anti-killings Task Force Usig, Sen. Panfilo Lacson, Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim , Caloocan Bishop Deogracias Yñiguez, re-elected party-list Representatives Satur Ocampo (Bayan Muna) and Crispin Beltran (Anakpawis) attended. Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno said that the "National Consultative Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Forced Disappearances: Searching for Solutions," would help stop the murders. Delegates were given 12 to 15 minutes each to share their insights and knowledge about the matter. Yniguez accused the government of failing to actively pursue investigations on the hundreds of killings and the Catholic Church was alarmed that victims have been denied their "fundamental right" to live. Based on Yniguez-church's count, the number of victims of extrajudicial killings has reached 778, while survivors of "political assassinations," was pegged at 370. He also noted 203 "massacre" victims, 186 people who involuntarily disappeared, 502 tortured, and others who were illegally arrested. Yniguez similarly criticized the government's alleged insistence on implementing its Oplan Bantay Laya I and II (the military's counter-insurgency operation plans which militants have said consider legal people's organizations as targets). Meanwhile, Bayan urged the Supreme Court to "check serious threats to civil liberties and basic freedoms" including the anti-terror law or the Human Security Act of 2007, which took effect on July 15 despite protests from leftist groups. Vice President Teofisto Guingona Jr. will join Bayan and other leftist groups as petitioners in their formal pleading before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the law. Human rights lawyer Atty. Edre Olalia of the International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) will serve as lead counsel. Bayan chair Carol Araullo said the respondents will include members of the Anti-Terrorism Council headed by Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita and Raul Gonzalez. Earlier, president Angel Lagdameo pointed out at least 5 provisions of the law that may threaten civil liberties: Sec. 19 allows detentions of mere suspects for more than three days in the event of an actual or terrorist attack, while Section 26 allows house arrest despite the posting of bail, and prohibits the right to travel and to communicate with others; Sec. 39 allows seizure of assets while Sec. 7 allows surveillance and wiretapping of suspects; Sec. 26 allows the investigation of bank deposits and other assets. [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51197/Justices-activists-prelates-map-out-ways-to-end-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Justices, activists, prelates map out ways to end killings] United Kingdom (UK) During the Irish War Of Independence in 1916-21, the British forces organised several secret assassination squads. In 1920 alone the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force murdered the mayors of Limerick and Cork cities. In Limerick, the replacement mayor was also murdered, while in Cork, the new mayor died after a 74 day hunger strike. In Northern Ireland , various Paramilitary , Terrorist , Quasi-political , Pseudo-religious , and ''ad hoc'' state institutions killed without lawful excuse during The Troubles . http://www.btinternet.com/~chief.gnome/gordon16.htm http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-09.htm http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/24/Opinion/A_grim_lesson_from_Ul.shtml http://naclaoimhtesolais.com/Reject%20The%20PSNI.htm During the 30 years of the The Troubles in Northern Ireland, both nationalist and loyalist paramilitary forces organised assassination squads. Notable cases include Brian Nelson, an Ulster Defence Association member and British Army agent convicted of sectarian murders. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/bodbol.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/83509.stm http://www.allfreeessays.com/student/Northern_Ireland_Conflict-Religion_vs_Politics.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/48753.stm HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS Many Human Rights organisations like Amnesty International along with the UN are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment . http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22046&Cr=rights&Cr1=council http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR290151996?open&of=ENG-SLV http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6814001/site/newsweek/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6802629/site/newsweek/ IN POPULAR CULTURE The subject of extrajudicial punishment was examined in the stage play and subsequent film '' A Few Good Men ''. In this film, two marines are put on trial for the death of another marine due to their administering of a '' Code Red '' (a military colloquial speech term for Extrajudicial Punishment ) on him. The Film sees the U.S. Marines acquitted of the crime, as it is shown that they were acting under orders from their superiors, and therefore could not be held responsible for the consequences. SEE ALSO
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