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Esotericism refers to the is knowledge that is well-known or public; or perceived as informally canonic in society at large. ETYMOLOGY Esoteric is an , in his dialogue ''Alcibíades'' ( Circa 390 BC ), uses the expression ''ta esô'' meaning «the inner things», and in his dialogue ''Theaetetus'' (circa 360 BC ) he uses ''ta eksô'' meaning «the outside things». The probable first appearance of the Greek Adjective ''esôterikos'' is in Lucian Of Samosata 's "The Auction of Lives", § 26 (also called "The Auction of the Philosophical Schools"), written around AD 166. {Link without Title} The term ''esoteric'' first appeared in English in the 1701 ''History of Philosophy'' by Thomas Stanley , in his description of the "Auditors of Pythagoras ." The Pythagoreans were divided into "exoteric", which were under review, and "esoteric", which had performed well enough to be admitted into the "inner" circle. CONNOTATIONS "Esotericism" in current usage In Western, English-speaking societies today, the term "esotericism" has come to informally mean any knowledge that is difficult to understand or remember, such as Theoretical Physics , or that which pertains to the Minutiae of a particular discipline, such as "esoteric" Baseball statistics. The term "esoteric" does not necessarily refer to "esotericism" ''per se'' in the sense of "inner" knowledge, disciplines, or practices. A variety of past Tradition s could be classified as forms of "esotericism" due to their "inner" focus as well as their "selective" and "secretive" nature. NUANCES ''Esotericism'' largely overlaps with "hidden knowledge." Some overlap exists as well between esotericism and Mysticism . However, many mystical traditions do not attempt to introduce additional spiritual knowledge, but rather seek to focus the believer's attention or prayers more strongly upon the object of Devotion . A mystic is thus not necessarily an esotericist. SCOPE "Esotericism" sometimes suggests an additional element of initiation, for example the requirement that one be tested before learning the higher truth. Note however that most "esoteric" teachings are widely available, and indeed often actively promoted. Another possibility is that such knowledge may be kept secret not by the intention of its protectors, but by its very nature—for example, if it is accessible only to those with the proper intellectual background. The religiously minded have sometimes used "esotericism" to refer to their belief-systems. For this reason a brief survey of some religious traditions follows. This is not necessarily the meaning of esotericism. Academic esotericism constitutes the modern academic disciplines - looked at in articles under the relevant headings. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF RELIGIOUS IDEAS Esotericism is not a single tradition but a vast array of often unrelated figures and movements. Nevertheless, the following may be helpful. The Roman Empire gave birth not only to Christianity but also to a group of Mystery Religions which emphasized initiation. Some see Christianity, with its ritual of baptism, as a mystery religion. Acts 2:38 Peter replied, "Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. After Christianity became the state religion of Rome, dissident Christian groups became persecuted as traitors to the state. Pagan groups came to be suppressed as well. The terms " Gnosticism " and " Gnosis " have been challenged as coherent categories, but refer to a family of ancient Jewish, Christian, and pagan religious movements which often did claim to possess secret teachings relating to the spirit world, as opposed to the ordinary world which they tended to denigrate. Another important movement from the ancient world was Hermeticism , sometimes called ''Hermetism'' to distinguish it from post-Renaissance appropriations of it. Separately, ancient Babylon provided the basis for Western Astrology . During the Middle Ages such things as astrology, Alchemy , and magic were not distinct from the standard subjects of the curriculum of an educated man. While some people assume esotericism to be opposed to the Bible or Christianity, as a historical matter this tension did not arise until later. Indeed, Christianity contributed its own esoteric imagery, notably the Holy Grail from Arthurian Literature . While many esoteric subjects have a history reaching back thousands of years, these have generally not survived as continuous traditions. Rather, they have benefited from various antiquarian revival movements. During the Italian Renaissance , for example, translators such as Ficino and Pico Della Mirandola turned their attention to the classical literature of Neo-Platonism , and what was thought to be the pre-Mosaic tradition of Hermeticism . European esotericism was reformulated in the 17th century as Rosicrucianism , and later entered various strands of Freemasonry . In the 19th century a notable French revival in turn gave way to the Theosophy of H. P. Blavatsky . In the 20th century Theosophy was reformulated by Annie Besant , C. W. Leadbeater , Alice Bailey , Rudolf Steiner and many others. Theosophy is also considered a major influence on the many current varieties of esotericism in metaphysical organizations, "''Ascended Master Activities''", and within the New Age groups. Yet another notable esoteric strain stems from the teachings of G. I. Gurdjieff and P. D. Ouspensky . as the dawn of a new age, when spirituality would be increasingly central to human development. Thus, he began to publish works such as 'Theosophy' and 'Occult Science' and to lecture on esoteric themes both to select audiences (members of the Anthroposophical Society or of his own esoteric school) and to the general public. All but the most esoteric of these lectures were already being published during his lifetime, and in the last decades even the most esoteric material has been made available by the Rudolf Steiner Archive and Press, Rudolf Steiner Archive and Press in accordance with Steiner's wishes. REFERENCES
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