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Epithelium
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In biology and medicine, epithelium is a Tissue composed of a layer of Cell s. Epithelium lines both the outside ( Skin ) and the inside cavities and Lumen of bodies. The outermost layer of our Skin is composed of dead stratified Squamous , keratinized epithelial cells. Mucous Membranes lining the inside of the mouth, the esophagus, and part of the rectum are lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Other, open to outside body cavities are lined by simple squamous or columnar epithelial cells. Other epithelial cells line the insides of the Lung s, the Gastrointestinal Tract , the reproductive and urinary tracts, and make up the Exocrine and Endocrine glands.

Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, absorption, protection, transcellular transport, sensation detection, and selective permeability.
Endothelium (the inner lining of Blood Vessel s, the Heart , and Lymphatic Vessels ) is a specialized form of epithelium. Another type, Mesothelium , forms the walls of the Pericardium , Pleurae , and Peritoneum .

In humans, epithelium is classified as a primary body tissue, the other ones being Connective Tissue , Muscle Tissue and Nervous Tissue .


CLASSIFICATION

Epithelial cells are classified by the following three factors:
  • Shape

  • Stratification

  • Specializations



Shape


  • Squamous: Squamous cells are flat cells with an irregular flattened shape. A one-cell layer of simple squamous epithelium forms the alveoli of the respiratory membrane, and the Endothelium of capillaries, and is a minimal barrier to Diffusion . Other places where squamous cells can be found include the filtration tubules of the Kidneys , and the major cavities of the body. These cells are relatively inactive metabolically, and are associated with the diffusion of water, Electrolytes , and other substances.

  • Cuboidal: As the name suggests, these cells have a shape similar to a cube, meaning its width is the same size as its height. The Nuclei of these cells are usually located in the center.

  • Columnar: These cells are taller than they are wide. Simple columnar epithelium is made up of a single layer of cells that are longer than they are wide. The nucleus is also closer to the base of the cell. The Small Intestine is a tubular Organ lined with this type of tissue. Unicellular glands called goblet cells are scattered throughout the simple columnar epithelial cells and secrete Mucus . The free surface of the columnar cell has tiny hairlike projections called Microvilli . They increase the surface area for absorption.

  • Transitional: This is a specialized type of epithelium found lining organs that can stretch, such as the Urothelium that lines the bladder and Ureter of mammals. Since the cells can slide over each other, the appearance of this epithelium depends on whether the organ is distended or contracted: if distended, it appears as if there are only a few layers; when contracted, it appears as if there are several layers.



Stratification

  • Simple: There is a single layer of cells.

  • Stratified: More than one layer of cells. The superficial layer is used to classify the layer. Only one layer touches the Basal Lamina . Stratified cells can usually withstand large amounts of stress.

  • Pseudostratified with cilia: This is used mainly in one type of classification (pseudostratified columnar epithelium). There is only a single layer of cells, but the position of the nuclei gives the impression that it is stratified. If a specimen looks stratified, but you can identify cilia, the specimen is pseudostratified ciliated epithelium since stratified epithelium cannot have cilia but may be very rarely found in fetal oesophagus. A cell that contains hairs will be around ten times stronger than a regular cell



Specializations

  • '' Keratin ized'' cells contain Keratin (a Cytoskeletal protein). While keratinized epithelium occurs mainly in the skin, it is also found in the Mouth and Nose , providing a tough, impermeable barrier.




EXAMPLES



CELL JUNCTIONS

See Also: Cell junction


A cell junction is a structure within a tissue of a multicellular organism. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or they built up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the Paracellular Transport .


SECRETORY EPITHELIA

As stated above, secretion is one major function of epithelial cells. and Exocrine Glands . Endocrine glands are glands that secrete their product directly onto a surface rather than through a duct. This group contains the glands of the Endocrine system


EMBRYOLOGY

Generally, there are epithelial tissues deriving from all of the embryological Germ Layers :

However, it is important to note that Pathologists do not consider Endothelium and Mesothelium (both derived from mesoderm) to be true epithelium. This is because such tissues present very different pathology. For that reason, pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium Sarcoma s, while true epithelial cancers are called Carcinoma s. Also, the filaments that support these mesodermally derived tissues are very distinct. Outside of the field of pathology, the idea that epithelium arise from all three germ layers is generally accepted.


ADDITIONAL IMAGES


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LINKS



REFERENCES

  • ''Molecular Biology of the Cell'', 4th edition, Alberts ''et al.'', 2002