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Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other development within the mother. The study or collecting of eggs, particularly bird eggs, is called Oology . Reptile eggs, bird eggs, and monotreme eggs, which are laid out of water, are surrounded by a protective Shell , either flexible or inflexible. The 1.5 kg Ostrich egg contains the largest existing single cell currently known, though the extinct '' Aepyornis '' and some Dinosaur s had larger eggs. The Bee Hummingbird produces the smallest known bird egg, which weighs half a gram. The eggs laid by some reptiles and most fish are even smaller, and those of insects and other Invertebrate s are much smaller still. BIRD EGGS Bird eggs are laid by females and Incubated for a time that varies according to the species; a single young hatches from each egg. Average Clutch Size s range from one (as in Condor s) to about 17 (the Grey Partridge ). Some birds lay eggs even when not fertilized; it is not uncommon for pet owners to find their lone bird nesting on a clutch of infertile eggs. Colors The default color of vertebrate eggs is the white of the Calcium Carbonate from which the shells are made, but some birds, mainly Passerine s, produce colored eggs. The pigments Biliverdin and its zinc Chelate give a green or blue ground color, and Protoporphyrin produces reds and browns as a ground color or as spotting. Non-passerines typically have white eggs, except in some ground-nesting groups such as the Charadriiformes , Sandgrouse and Nightjar s, where camouflage is necessary, and some Parasitic Cuckoo s which have to match the passerine host's egg. Most passerines, in contrast, lay colored eggs, even if there is no need of cryptic colors. However, a recent study suggests that the protoporphyrin markings on passerine eggs actually act to reduce brittleness by acting as a solid state lubricant. If there is insufficient calcium available in the local soil, the egg shell may be thin, especially in a circle around the broad end. Protoporphyrin speckling compensates for this, and increases inversely to the amount of calcium in the soil. For the same reason, later eggs in a clutch are more spotted than early ones as the female's store of calcium is depleted. The color of individual eggs is also genetically influenced, and appears to be inherited through the mother only, suggesting that the Gene responsible for pigmentation is on the sex determining W Chromosome (female birds are WZ, males ZZ). It used to be thought that color was applied to the shell immediately before laying, but this research shows that coloration is an integral part of the development of the shell, with the same protein responsible for depositing calcium carbonate, or protoporphyrins when there is a lack of that mineral. In species such as the Common Guillemot , which nest in large groups, each female's eggs have very different markings, making it easier for females to identify their own eggs on the crowded cliff ledges on which they breed. Shell Bird eggshells are diverse. For example:
Tiny Pore s in bird eggshells allow the embryo to breathe. The Domestic Hen 's egg has around 7500 pores. Shape Most bird eggs have an Oval Shape , with one end rounded and the other more pointy. This shape results from the egg being forced through the Oviduct . Muscles contract the oviduct behind the egg, pushing it forward. The egg's wall is still shapeable, and the pointy end develops at the back side. Cliff-nesting birds often have highly conical eggs. They are less likely to roll off, tending instead to roll around in a tight circle, and thus are believed to have been selected for by evolution. In contrast many hole-nesting birds have nearly spherical eggs. Predation Many animals feed on eggs. For example, principal predators of the Black Oystercatcher 's eggs include Raccoon s, Skunk s, Mink , river and sea Otter s, Gull s, Crow s and Fox es. The Stoat (''Mustela erminea'') and Long-tailed Weasel (''M. frenata'') steal ducks' eggs. Snakes of the genera '' Dasypeltis '' and '' Elachistodon '' specialize in eating eggs. Brood Parasitism occurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In some cases, the host's eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. Brood parasites include the Cowbird s and many Old World Cuckoo s. Various bird eggs |
Image:Tortoise-HatchlingjpgA Baby
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/tortoise" class="copylinks">Tortoise emerges from a reptile egg |
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Image:Emperor Gum Moth Eggs2jpgInsect Eggs, In This Case Those Of The
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Opodiphthera_eucalypti" class="copylinks">Emperor Gum Moth , are often laid on the underside of leaves |
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Image:Clupeaharenguskils2jpgFish Eggs, Such As These
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/herring" class="copylinks">Herring eggs are often transparent and fertilized after laying |
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Image:Skate Egg Case (Raja Binoculata) 01jpg
| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Skate" class="copylinks">Skate s (and Shark s) have a uniquely shaped egg case called a Mermaid's Purse |
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