| Dyslexia |
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Dyslexia is a type of Reading Disability usually manifested as a difficulty with written language, particularly with Reading and Spelling . A person diagnosed with dyslexia is called a dyslexic; and a dyslexic by definition has adequate intelligence. Evidence suggests that it is a result of a difference in how the Brain processes written and/or verbal Language . It is separate and distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as deficiencies in intelligence, non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate reading instruction. Stanovich, KE. (1988) Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: the phonological-core variable-difference model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21(10):590-604. The word ''dyslexia'' comes from the Greek words dys- ("impaired") and '''' lexis ("word"). People with dyslexia are called ''dyslexic'' or ''dyslectic''. OVERVIEW
Dyslexia is most commonly characterized by difficulties with learning how to decode at the word level, to spell, and to read accurately and fluently. Dyslexic individuals often have difficulty "breaking the code" of sound-letter association (the alphabetic principle), and they may also reverse or transpose letters when writing or confuse letters such as ''b'', ''d'', ''p'', ''q'', especially in childhood ( ''A Pictorial Example'' {Link without Title} ). However, dyslexia is not a visual problem that involves reading letters or words backwards or upside down, nor are such reversals a defining characteristic of dyslexia. Many individuals with dyslexic symptoms involving reading, writing, and spelling also exhibit symptoms in other domains such as poor Short-term Memory skills, poor personal organizational skills, problems processing spoken language, left-right confusion, difficulties with Numeracy or Arithmetic , and issues with balance and co-ordination.1 These symptoms may coexist with or overlap with characteristics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , Auditory Processing Disorder .2, Developmental Dyspraxia , Dyscalculia , and/or Dysgraphia . Dyslexia is a lifelong disorder, and its persistence across the lifespan is a distinguishing characteristic. Although there is no cure for dyslexia, appropriate remedial treatment and compensatory strategies can mitigate its effects. 7 HISTORY The term 'dyslexia' was coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin, an ophthalmologist practicing in Stuttgart, Germany.8 He used the term to refer to a case of a young boy who had a severe impairment in learning to read and write in spite of showing typical intellectual and physical abilities in all other respects. In 1896, W. Pringle Morgan , a British physician, from Seaford, East Sussex , England published a description of a reading-specific learning disorder in a report to the ''British Medical Journal'' titled "Congenital Word Blindness". This described the case of a boy named Percy who, at age 14, had not yet learned to read, yet showed normal intelligence and was generally adept at other activities typical of children of that age.9 During the 1890s and early 1900s, James Hinshelwood, a Scottish ophthalmologist, published a series of articles in medical journals describing similar cases of congenital word blindness, which he defined as "a congenital defect occurring in children with otherwise normal and undamaged brains characterised by a difficulty in learning to read." In his 1917 book ''Congenital Word Blindness'', Hinshelwood asserted that the primary disability was in visual memory for words and letters, and described symptoms including letter reversals, and difficulties with spelling and reading comprehension.10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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