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Driving is the controlled operation of a land Vehicle , usually a Motor Vehicle such as a Truck , Bus , or Car . Although direct operation of a Bicycle , a mounted Animal (not including Chariot operation) or a Motorcycle (at least in the United Kingdom , the United States and Canada ) is commonly called ''riding'', such operators are usually considered to be '''drivers''' in a legal sense and required to obey those Rules Of The Road which apply to all drivers.






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DRIVING SKILLS


Driving in Traffic is more than just knowing how to operate the mechanisms which control the vehicle; it requires knowing how to apply the rules of the road (which govern safe and efficient sharing with other users). An effective driver also has an intuitive understanding of the basics of Vehicle Handling .


Driving as a physical skill


In terms of the basic physical tasks required, a driver must be able to control direction, acceleration, and deceleration. For motor vehicles, the detailed tasks include:

  • Starting the vehicle's engine with the Starting System

  • Setting the Transmission to the correct gear

  • Depressing the Pedals with one's feet to accelerate, slow, and stop the vehicle, and if the vehicle is equipped with a Manual Transmission , to modulate the Clutch

  • Steering the vehicle's direction with the Steering Wheel

  • Operating other important ancillary devices such as the Indicators , Headlights , and Windshield Wiper s

  • Watching the road conditions in all directions around the vehicle (including frequent checks behind the vehicle using Mirror s) to monitor the relative location of other vehicles (including Bicycle s), and pedestrians



Driving as a mental skill


Driver error is an important factor in Collision s, which result in the death of many thousands of people annually (see also Car Accident ). Preventing collisions involves more than just following the Rules Of The Road literally; Defensive Driving also involves the cultivation of good habits, maintaining attention, and a thoughtful, cooperative attitude.

Avoiding or successfully handling an emergency driving situation can involve any of the following skills:

  • Reversing

  • Decision making

  • Evasive maneuvers

  • Inflating the tires properly

  • Pursuit driving

  • Proper hand placement and seating position

  • Skid control

  • Steering and braking techniques

  • Understanding Vehicle Dynamics



DRIVING LAWS


In most countries, the use of public Road s is heavily governed by Law . Laws cover the construction and maintenance of roads, the construction and use of vehicles, the rules of the road, the requirements for motorist Licensing (see Driver's License ), vehicle registration (see ''' License Plate '''), vehicle Taxation , safety inspections and compulsory Insurance for heavy motor vehicles. These laws reflect the high degree of responsibility which is imposed upon both the drivers and manufacturers of vehicles (especially heavy motor vehicles) to make them as safe in use as they can possibly be.

Motorists are almost universally required to take lessons with an approved instructor and pass a Driving Test before being granted a license. The trend has been towards increasingly tougher tests in recent decades. Almost all countries allow all adults with good vision to apply to take a driving test and, if successful, to drive on public roads. Saudi Arabia , however, bans women from driving vehicles (whether pedal or motor powered) on public roads. Saudi women have periodically staged driving protests against these restrictions.

In many countries, even after passing one's driving test, new motorists may be initially subject to special restrictions. For example, in Australia , novice drivers are required to carry "P" ("provisional") plates, and are subject to lower speed limits, alcohol limits, and other restrictions for their first two years of driving. This varies between states.


Enforcement of driving-related laws


Each country has its own unique way of dividing up the responsibility for enforcing all the laws mentioned above. In nearly all countries, though, the laws controlling driving in practice (like Speed Limit s) are enforced by the Police , who are in the best position to identify violations as they occur and to issue Citation s or make Arrest s.

Some countries, like Australia , prefer to put ''everything'' road-related into a ''single'' agency at the state level. Thus, in the Australian state of New South Wales , the Roads And Traffic Authority (RTA) is responsible for driver licensing; Highway construction, maintenance, and patrol; and many other things. Policing on Australian roads is provided by the relevant state police.

In contrast, in the United States , many U.S. State governments have a Department Of Transportation that handles road construction and maintenance (subject to some guidance from the federal Department Of Transportation ), and a separate Department Of Motor Vehicles that handles driver licensing and vehicle registration. There is usually a state police agency (called the Highway Patrol , State Police , State Troopers or Department Of Public Safety ) which enforces driving laws on state highways. On local roads, driving laws are enforced by county sheriff's departments or city police departments.

Except for a few jurisdictions, bicyclists are legally treated as drivers of vehicles and expected to Cycle Vehicularly . Drivers of bicycles are almost never subject to licensing. However, some municipalities do require permits for bicycles.


Minimum motorist ages


The minimum age required to be a motorist varies depending on the country. The most common age is 18. Here are the ages required in some countries (in alphabetical order), note that some regions of the countries may start at a different age than other regions, this is just the minimum age requirement to drive: