| Drag Coefficient |
Article Index for Drag |
Website Links For Drag |
Information AboutDrag Coefficient |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT DRAG COEFFICIENT | |
| aerodynamics | |
| aerospace engineering | |
| dimensionless numbers | |
|
: Explanation Of Terms On ''drag Equation'' Page . The drag equation is essentially a statement that, under certain conditions, the Drag Force on any object is approximately proportional to the square of its Velocity through the fluid. The required conditions are that the Reynolds Number of the flow around the object must be high enough to create a Turbulent Wake (larger velocities, larger objects, and lower Viscosities make for larger Reynolds numbers), and that the object does not approach the speed of sound in the fluid. At low Reynolds number, that is for small object, low velocities or high viscosity fluids, the flow around the object is Laminar , is no more constant but depend on velocity, and is proportional to , instead of . A Cd equal to 1 would be obtained in a case where all of the fluid approaching the object is brought to rest, building up Stagnation Pressure over the whole front surface. The top figure shows a flat plate with the fluid coming from the right and stopping at the plate. The graph to the left of it shows equal pressure across the surface. In a real flat plate the fluid must turn around the sides, and full stagnation pressure is found only at the center, dropping off toward the edges as in the lower figure and graph. The Cd of a real flat plate would be less than 1, except that there will be a negative pressure (relative to ambient) on the back surface. The overall Cd of a real square flat plate is often given as 1.17. Flow patterns and therefore Cd for some shapes can change with the Reynolds number and the roughness of the surfaces. C<SUB>D</SUB> IN AUTOMOBILES See Also: Automobile drag coefficients The drag coefficient is a common metric in Automotive Design , where designers strive to achieve a low coefficient. Minimizing drag is done to improve Fuel Efficiency at highway speeds, where Aerodynamic effects represent a substantial fraction of the energy needed to keep the car moving. Indeed, aerodynamic drag increases with the square of speed. Aerodynamics are also of increasing concern to Truck designers, where a lower drag coefficient translates directly into lower fuel costs. About 60% of the power required to cruise at highway speeds is taken up overcoming air drag, and this increases very quickly at high speed. Therefore, a vehicle with substantially better aerodynamics will be much more fuel efficient. Additionally, because drag does increase with the ''square'' of speed, a somewhat lower speed can significantly improve fuel economy. This was the major reason for the United States adopting a Nationwide 55 Mile Per Hour Speed Limit during the early 1973 Oil Crisis as slower traffic would save scarce Petroleum . CdA While designers pay attention to the overall shape of the automobile, they also bear in mind that reducing the frontal area of the shape helps reduce the drag. The combination of drag coefficient and area is CdA (or '''CxA'''), a multiplication of the Cd value by the area. In Aerodynamics , the product of some reference area (such as cross-sectional area, total surface area, or similar) and the drag coefficient is called Drag Area . In 2003 , '' Car And Driver '' adapted this metric and adopted it as a more intuitive way to compare the aerodynamic efficiency of various automobiles. Average full-size passenger cars have a drag area of roughly 8.5 ft&2 (.79 m&2). Reported drag area ranges from the 1999 Honda Insight at 5.1 ft&2 (.47 m&2) to the 2003 Hummer H2 at 26.3 ft&2 (2.44 m&2). MORE C<SUB>D</SUB>A EXAMPLES This value is extremely useful as either the area or drag coefficient alone are not enough to be used in any equation. Sometimes it is not possible to get either value, but it might be possible to deduce it. For a skydiver example below, it is possible to deduce CdA from the mass of the diver and equipment and terminal velocity. Skydiver CdA examples are in both ft&2 and m&2 units. To see more related information visit the Extreme High Altitude Conditions Calculator C<SUB>D</SUB> IN AIRCRAFT Some examples of Cd in aircraft are presented below. {Link without Title} C<SUB>D</SUB> IN OTHER SHAPES Finally, here is a table of the Cd value of other miscellaneous shapes. {Link without Title} SEE ALSO
EXTERNAL LINKS
|
|
|