Dominant-party System

A dominant-party system, or ''one party dominant system'', is a Party System where only one Political Party can realistically become the Government , by itself or in a Coalition Government . Under what has been referred to as " Electoralism " or "soft authoritarianism", Opposition parties are legally allowed to operate, but are considered too weak or ineffective to seriously take power, most often through various forms of Corruption and constitutional quirks that purposely undermine the ability for an ''effective'' opposition to thrive.

However, not all dominant-party systems are undemocratic. In many cases, such as the presidency of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela or the government of Tommy Douglas in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan , sheer populism can keep the momentum of a government going for quite some time. In other cases, sheer Inertia preserves the dominant party, as with the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan , where the Japanese people as well as Japanese special interests have gotten so accustomed to LDP rule that until quite recently they found it hard to imagine it any other way.

Thus in contrast to Single-party System s, which are almost always Authoritarian , dominant-party systems can occur within a context of a Democratic system. In a single-party system other parties are banned, but in dominant-party systems other political parties are tolerated, and (in democratic dominant-party systems) operate without any impediment, but do not have a realistic chance of winning; the dominant party genuinely wins the votes of the vast majority of voters every time (or, in authoritarian systems, claims to).

In some states opposition parties are subject to varying degrees of official harassment and most often deal with restrictions on free speech, lawsuits against the opposition, rules or electoral systems (such as ), or that the dominant party receives a disproportionate amount of funding from various sources and is therefore able to mount more persuasive campaigns.

EXAMPLES

Current dominant-party systems

The following countries are claimed by many to be dominant-party systems:

Africa

Angola

Popular Movement For The Liberation Of Angola — Workers' Party , ''Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola — Partido do Trabalho'' (MPLA-PT)

Led by President José Eduardo Dos Santos , in office since 10 September 1979 ; in power since independence, 11 November 1975 .

Sole legal party, 1977–91

Presidential election, 1992: José Eduardo dos Santos (MPLA-PT) 49.6%

Parliamentary election, 1992: MPLA 53.7% and 129 of 220 seats

Botswana

Botswana Democratic Party (BDP)

Led by President Festus Gontebanye Mogae , in office since 1 April 1998

In power since independence, 30 September 1966

Parliamentary Election, 2004 : BDP 51.7% and 44 of 57 seats

Burkina Faso

Congress For Democracy And Progress

''Congrès pour la Démocratie et le Progrès'' (CDP)

Led by President Blaise Compaoré , in office since 15 October 1987

In power, under various names, since 24 December 1991

Presidential Election, 2005 : Blaise Compaoré (CDP) 80.4%

Parliamentary election, 2002: CDP 49.5% and 47 of 91 seats

Cameroon

Cameroonian People's Democratic Movement

''Rassemblement démocratique du Peuple camerounais'' (RDPC)

Led by President Paul Biya , in office since 6 November 1982

In power, under various names, since independence, 1 January 1960

Sole legal party, 1966–90

Presidential election, 2004: Paul Biya (RDPC) 70.9%

Parliamentary election, 2002: RDPC 133 of 180 seats

Chad

Patriotic Salvation Movement

''Mouvement patriotique du Salut'' (MPS)

Led by President Idriss Déby , in office since 2 December 1990

In power since 2 December 1990

Presidential Election, 2006 : Idriss Déby (MPS) 64.7%

Parliamentary election, 2002: MPS 110 of 155 seats

Congo-Brazzaville

Congolese Labour Party

''Parti congolais du Travail'' (PCT)

Led by President Denis Sassou-Nguesso , in office from 8 February 1979 to 31 August 1992 and since 15 October 1997

In power, under various names, from 1963 to 1992 and since 1997

Sole legal party, 1963–90

Presidential election, 2002: Denis Sassou-Nguesso (PCT) 89.4%

Parliamentary election, 2002: PCT 53 of 137 seats

Djibouti

Popular Rally For Progress

''Rassemblement populaire pour le Progrès'' (RPP)

Led by President Ismail Omar Guelleh , in office since 8 May 1999

In power since its formation in 1979

Sole legal party, 1979–92

Presidential election, 2005: Ismail Omar Guelleh (RPP) re-elected unopposed

Parliamentary election, 2003: RPP in coalition, 62.4% and 65 of 65 seats

Egypt

National Democratic Party (NDP)

''Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty''

Led by President Hosni Mubarak , in office since 14 October 1981

In power, under various names, since 1954 .

Sole legal party, 1954-78

Presidential Election, 2005 : Hosni Mubarak (NDP) 88.6%

Parliamentary Election, 2005 : NDP 311 of 454 seats

Equatorial Guinea

Democratic Party Of Equatorial Guinea

''Partido Democrático de Guinea Ecuatorial'' (PDGE)

Led by President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , in office since 3 August 1979

In power since its formation in 1987

Sole legal party, 1987–91

Presidential election, 2002: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (PDGE) 97.1%

Parliamentary election, 2004: PDGE 47.5% and 68 of 100 seats (91.9% and 98 of 100 seats including allies)

Ethiopia

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)

Led by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi , in office since 28 May 1991 (as prime minister since 22 August 1995 )

In power since 28 May 1991

Parliamentary Election, 2005 : EPRDF 327 of 547 seats

Gabon

Gabonese Democratic Party

''Parti démocratique gabonais'' (PDG)

Led by President Omar Bongo Ondimba , in office since 28 November 1967

In power, under various names, since independence, 17 August 1960

Sole legal party, 1968–91

Presidential Election, 2005 : Omar Bongo Ondimba (PDG) 79.2%

Parliamentary Election, 2006 : PDG 82 of 120 seats (99 of 120 seats including allies)

The Gambia

Alliance For Patriotic Reorientation And Construction (APRC)

Led by President Yahya A. J. J. Jammeh , in office since 22 July 1994

In power since its formation in 1996

Presidential Election, 2006 : Yahya A. J. J. Jammeh (APRC) 67.3%

Parliamentary Election, 2007 : APRC 42 of 48 seats

Guinea

Party Of Unity And Progress

''Parti de l'Unité et du Progrès'' (PUP)

Led by President Lansana Conté , in office since 3 April 1984

In power since its formation in 1991

Presidential election, 2003: Lansana Conté (PUP) 95.6%

Parliamentary election, 2002: PUP 61.6% and 47 of 76 seats

Lesotho

Lesotho Congress For Democracy (LCD)

Led by Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili , in office since 29 May 1998

In power since its formation in 1997

Parliamentary Election, 2007 : LCD 61 of 120 seats

Mozambique

Mozambican Liberation Front

''Frente da Libertação de Moçambique'' (FRELIMO)

Led by President Armando Guebuza , in office since 2 February 2005

In power since independence, 25 June 1975

Sole legal party, 1975–90

Presidential Election, 2004 : Armando Guebuza (FRELIMO) 63.7%

Parliamentary election, 2004: FRELIMO 62.0% and 160 of 250 seats

Namibia

South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO)

Led by President Hifikepunye Pohamba , in office since 21 March 2005

In power since independence, 21 March 1990

Presidential election, 2004: Hifikepunye Pohamba (SWAPO) 76.4%

Parliamentary election, 2004: SWAPO 55 of 72 seats

Nigeria

People's Democratic Party (PDP)

Led by President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua , in office since May 29, 2007

In power since 29 May 1999

Presidential election, 2003: Olusegun Obasanjo (PDP) 61.8%

Parliamentary election, 2003: PDP 54.8% and 198 of 318 seats

Rwanda

Rwandese Patriotic Front

''Front patriotique rwandais'' (FPR)

Led by President Paul Kagame , in office since 24 March 2000

In power since 19 July 1994

Presidential Election, 2003 : Paul Kagame (FPR) 95.1%

Parliamentary election, 2003: FPR 73.8% and 40 of 53 seats

Seychelles

Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF)

Led by President James Alix Michel , in office since 14 April 2004

In power since 5 June 1977

Sole legal party, 1979-1993

(SPPF) 53.7%

Parliamentary Election, 2007 : SPPF 56.2% and 23 of 34 seats

South Africa

African National Congress (ANC)

Led by President Thabo Mbeki , in office since 16 June 1999

In power since 10 May 1994

Parliamentary Election, 2004 : ANC 69.7% and 279 of 400 seats

Sudan

National Congress Party (NCP)

Led by President Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir , in office since 30 June 1989

In power since its formation, 16 October 1993

Presidential election, 2000: Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (NCP) 86.5%

Parliamentary election, 2000: NCP 355 of 360 seats

Tanzania

'' Chama Cha Mapinduzi '' (CCM)

Led by President Jakaya Kikwete , in office since 21 December 2005

In power, under various names, since independence, 9 December 1961

Sole legal party, 1975–92 (unofficially from independence in 1961)

Presidential Election, 2005 : Jakaya Kikwete (CCM) 80.3%

Parliamentary Election, 2005 : CCM 206 of 232 seats

Togo

Rally Of The Togolese People

''Rassemblement du Peuple togolais'' (RPT)

Led by President Faure Gnassingbé , in office since 5 February 2005

In power since its formation in 1980

Sole legal party, 1979–91

(RPT) 60.2%

Parliamentary election, 2002: RPT 72 of 81 seats

Tunisia

Democratic Constitutional Rally

''Rassemblement constitutionnel démocratique'' (RCD)

Led by President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , in office since 7 November 1987

In power since 25 July 1957

Sole legal party, 1957–81?

Presidential election, 2004: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (RCD) 94.5%

Parliamentary election, 2004: RCD 87.6% and 152 of 189 seats

Zambia

Movement For Multiparty Democracy (MMD)

Led by President Levy Patrick Mwanawasa , in office since 2 January 2002

In power since 2 November 1991

Presidential Election, 2006 : Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (MMD) 43.0%

Parliamentary Election, 2006 : MMD 72 of 150 seats

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe African National Union — Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)

Led by President Robert Gabriel Mugabe , in office since 18 April 1980 (as president since 31 December 1987 )

In power since independence, 17 April 1980

Presidential election, 2002: Robert Gabriel Mugabe (ZANU-PF) 56.2%

House Of Assembly Election, 2005 : ZANU-PF 59.6% and 78 of 120 elective seats (30 additional seats reserved for appointees)

Senate election, 2005: ZANU-PF 73.7% and 43 of 50 elective seats (16 additional seats reserved for appointees and traditional chiefs)

Western Sahara s Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Polisario Front

In power since 1976

Led by Secretary General Mohamed Abdelaziz

General Popular Congress 2002 : 100%

In 2004, a splinter group, the Front Polisario Khat Al-Shahid was announced.

Americas

El Salvador

Nationalist Republican Alliance

''Alianza Republicana Nacionalista'' (ARENA)

Led by President Antonio Saca , in office since 1 June 2004

In power since 1 June 1989

Presidential Election, 2004 : Antonio Saca (ARENA) 57.7%

Parliamentary Election, 2006 : ARENA 34 of 84 seats

Paraguay

Republican National Association - Colorado Party

''Asociación Nacional Republicana - Partido Colorado'' (ANR-PC)

Led by President Nicanor Duarte , in office since 15 August 2003

In power 1880-1904 and since 1947

Sole legal party, 1947-1962

Presidential election, 2003: Nicanor Duarte (ANR-PC) 38.3%

Parliamentary election, 2003: ANR-PC 35.3% and 37 of 80 seats

Venezuela

Fifth Republic Movement

''Movimiento V {Link without Title} República''

Led by President Hugo Chávez , in office since 2 February 1999

In power since 1999

Presidential Election, 2006 : Hugo Chávez 62.84%

Parliamentary Election, 2005 : 114 of 167 seats

Asia

Cambodia ( KPK )

East Timor

Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor or FRETILIN

Led by Prime Minister Estanislau Da Silva , in office since May 19, 2007

In power since 2002

Parliamentary election, 2001: FRETILIN 57.37% and 55 out of 88 seats

Japan

Liberal Democratic Party

Led by Prime Minister Shinzō Abe , in office since 26 September 2006

In power 1955–1993, and since 1996

Parliamentary Election, 2005 : LDP 47.8% and 296 out of 480 seats

Kazakhstan (OTAN)

Malaysia

Barisan Nasional (National Front), a coalition of 14 parties led by the United Malays National Organization (UMNO)

Led by Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , in office since 31 October 2003

In power since 1957

Parliamentary election, 2004: UMNO 35.9% and 109 out of 219 seats, total for Barisan Nasional 63.9% and 198 out of 219 seats

Samoa

Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP)

Led by Prime Minister Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi , in office since 23 November 1998

In power since 1982

Parliamentary election, 2006: HRPP 35 of 49 seats

Singapore

People's Action Party (PAP)

Led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , in office since 12 August 2004

In power since 30 May 1959

S R Nathan elected unopposed (all competing candidates disqualified)

Parliamentary Election, 2006 : PAP 66.6% and 82 out of 84 seats (of which 37 uncontested)

Tajikistan (PDPT)

Yemen

General People's Congress (GPC)

''al-Mu'tammar al-Sha'bi al-'Am''

Led by President Ali Abdullah Saleh , in office since 22 May 1990

In power since the unification of North Yemen and South Yemen in 1990

Presidential Election, 2006 : Ali Abdullah Saleh (GPC) 77.2%

Parliamentary Election, 2003 : GPC 58.0% and 238 out of 301 seats

Europe

Azerbaijan (YAP)

Republic Of Georgia (NM-D)

Montenegro

Democratic Party Of Socialists Of Montenegro ( League Of Communists Of Montenegro up to 1991, Communist Party Of Montenegro up to 1952)

''Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crne Gore'' (''Savez Komunista Crne Gore'' up to 1991, ''Komunistička Partija Crne Gore'' [''KPCG'' up to 1952)

Led by Prime Minister Željko Šturanović , in office since November 10, 2006

in power since establishment of Communist rule in Yugoslavia , 1945

Sole legal party, 1945–90

(DPS CG), ''81.84%'' and ''64.34%''

Parliamentary Election, 2006 : DPS CG in coalition, ''48.62%'' and 41 of 81 seats

Russia

United Russia

Supportive of President Vladimir Putin , in office since 31 December 1999

In power since 2003

Presidential Election, 2004 : Vladimir Putin 71.2%

Parliamentary Election, 2003 : 38.0% and 222 of 450 seats

Ireland

The political system of Ireland can also be classified as a dominant-party system, with Fianna Fáil ruling more than two-thirds of the time since independence. All six of Fianna Fáil's leaders have served as Taoiseach (prime Minister) at some point in time.´

Sweden

In Sweden , the Social Democrats have been the ruling party almost constantly since World War II. All party leaders since 1907 have served as Prime Minister at some point. In 2006 a right-wing government was elected.

Former dominant-party systems

Countries which have since lost their one party dominance include:

The Colorado Party of 19th- and 20th-century Uruguay

The Liberal Party of Colombia from 1863 to 1880

The Liberal Party of Guatemala from 1871 to 1944

The Partido Autonomista Nacional of Argentina from 1874 to 1916

The National Party in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

The People's Progressive Party in The Gambia from 1965 to 1994.

The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement in Bolivia from 1952 to 1964.

The Labor Party (under various names, including Mapai, The Alignment, and Ha'Avoda--i.e. Labor) in Israel until 1977

The Partido Revolucionario Institucional in Mexico from the 1920s until 2000

The Antigua Labour Party in Antigua And Barbuda from 1960-1971 and 1976-2004.

Democrazia Cristiana in Italy from 1948 to 1992.

The Golkar (Acronym of ''Golongan Karya'' or Functional Group) in Indonesia from 1971 to 1999.

The Indian National Congress from 1947 to 1977.

The Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League in Burma (now Myanmar) from 1948 to 1962.

The Muslim League in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958.

The Popular Democratic Party in Puerto Rico from 1949 to 1969.

Arguably, the Democratic-Republican Party was a dominant party nationwide in the United States during the Era Of Good Feelings . Also, the Democratic Party was dominant in the Southern United States from the end of Reconstruction to the 1960s (the Solid South ) and across much of the nation during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt .

The Liberal-Country Party Coalition government of Australia between 1949 and 1972 can also be considered an example of a former dominant party system.

Since 1896, the Liberal Party Of Canada has held either majority or minority control of the government for 79 out of 111 years, not including four years of coalition government from 1917-21. The Progressive Conservatives and the Conservatives have held outright majorities for only 24 years in the same timespan, though the Conservatives do currently hold power in Parliament, albeit in a minority government. Inclusion of the Liberals is debatable, as even during long stretches of electoral losses (between 1963 and 1984 for example) the Progressive Conservatives were seen by the media and the public as real contenders for government.

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