Information AboutDisfranchisement |
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DISFRANCHISEMENT AT PLACE OF RESIDENCE AND MINORITIES In Proportional Representation systems which use Election Threshold s, parties which fail to meet the specified thresholds often claim that their supporters have been disfranchised since their votes do not translate into any legislative seats, and thus effectively do not count. Voters in the . Until the passage of the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961, they did not get to vote in presidential elections. Prior to the District Of Columbia Home Rule Act in 1973, they did not elect their own mayor. An example of unintentional disfranchisement of a group of people is expounded by supporters of the U.S. Electoral College . Briefly, electoral college supporters feel that strict majority vote would disfranchise the mostly rural American West, by denying them the ability to ever influence an election due to their small numbers. This would be unintentional disfranchisement as it is an ''effect'' of the change, not a direct ''goal'' of the change in voting law. Another example is the disfranchisement of entire groups of people, such as Women , various racial, ethnic or religious minorities depending on the country, or members of some political groups. This has led to warfare, as in the case of the American Revolutionary War (the cry " No Taxation Without Representation " conveys this message). This is a good example of the intentional disfranchisement of a group of people (British colonists in America ) by the government in Britain . Similarly, the US citizens of Puerto Rico are subjected to many U.S. laws and in the past, have been conscripted to fight in US wars, but they have no Congressional representation or vote in presidential elections. Puerto Rico residents are subject to most U.S. taxes but are generally not subject to U.S. income tax laws unless they work for the U.S. Government or fall under various other exceptions. Minors under the voting age are also disenfranchised. While this is supported by the idea that minors lack the capacity to cast an independent vote, minors are almost always subject to taxation by state and federal governments. In Puerto Rico (United States Commonwealth Territory) U.S. Citizens residing in Puerto Rico are not counted in the U.S. Census. Furthermore, any U.S. citizen that moves to Puerto Rico (be it a Puerto Rican or not) loses his or her right to vote in any U.S. legislative and executive election at the national level. This is despite the U.S. Government Executive and Legislative Branches holding ultimate sovereignty over all U.S. Citizens and the territory of Puerto Rico. Both the Puerto Rican Independence Party and the New Progressive Party outright reject the status quo that permits disfranchisement (from their distinct respective positions on the ideal enfranchised status for the island-nation of Puerto Rico). The remaining political organization, the Popular Democratic Party , is less active in its opposition of this case of disfranchisement but has officially stated that it favors fixing the remaining "deficits of democracy" that the William Jefferson Clinton and George W. Bush Administrations have publicly recognized in writing through Presidential Task Force Reports. DISFRANCHISEMENT DUE TO CRIMINAL CONVICTION In the USA The U.S. State s intentionally disfranchise people based on criminal conviction by law. For many jurisdictions that do, usually a person is disfranchised after being sentenced to a penalty above some limit—for example, 6 months—for only as long as he or she is serving the sentence. In 13 U.S. states, persons convicted of a Felony —that is, a crime punishable with a year's imprisonment or more—are denied the vote only while serving sentence in a state prison. Delaware has a similar law, but extends the disfranchisement period five years after release from custody. One felony conviction results in perpetual disfranchisement in 10 other U.S. states, and in Maryland two convictions have the same consequence. In addition to these 11 states, 19 others also disfranchise persons who are on Probation for a felony but were not sentenced to prison time. All of these plus five more states (or 35 in all) disqualify those on Parole from voting.http://www.felonvotingprocon.org/pop/StateLaws.htm Some states consider Dishonorable Discharge a felony conviction and disfranchise those affected. Two states— Maine and Vermont —allow prison inmates to vote unless disfranchisement is meted out as a separate punishment. Those affected are usually prohibited from voting in federal elections as well, even though their convictions were at the state level for state crimes, not federal crimes. This means that states with permanent disfranchisement prevent ex-convicts from ever voting in federal elections, even though ex-convicts in other states convicted of identical crimes may be allowed to vote in such elections. As of 2005 there were at least two cases in the U.S. courts challenging disfranchisement of felons: ''Locke v. Farrakhan'' in Washington State and ''Hayden v. Pataki'' in New York. The NAACP LDF was involved in both cases. In the UK In the , October 6 2005 , accessed December 9 2005 In Germany In , accessed July 28 2006 All convicts sentenced to at least one year in prison also automatically lose the right to be elected in public elections for a duration of five years, and lose all positions they held as a result of such elections. In Israel Inmates are allowed to vote in Israel, and there is likewise no subsequent disfranchisement of felons following parole, probation, or release from prison. Neither courts nor prison authorities have the power to disqualify any person from exercising the right to vote in national elections, whatever cause of imprisonment (i.e., including politically-related crimes). In fact, local scholarship has suggested that persons at odds with the law maintain a special interest in influencing the political process. In other countries In some countries, such as China , Portugal , disfranchisement due to criminal conviction is an exception, meted out separately or alone. This is usually imposed on a person convicted of a crime against the state (see Civil Death ) or one related to election or public office. Disfranchisement due to criminal conviction (otherwise than for electoral offences) is discussed extensively in the website of the government and various state governments. 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