Dipole Article Index for
Dipole 		Articles about
Dipole 		 

Information About

Dipole
  CATEGORIES ABOUT DIPOLE
   
electromagnetism
   
chemical properties
   
fundamental physics concepts
   
APPAREL
BABY
BEAUTY
BOOKS
CAR TOYS
CELL PHONES
DVD'S
ELECTRONICS
GOURMET FOOD
GROCERIES
HEALTH & PERSONAL
HOME & GARDEN
JEWELRY
MUSIC
MUSIC INSTRUMENTS
OFFICE PRODUCTS
SOFTWARE
SPORTING GOODS
TOOLS & HARDWARE
TOYS
VIDEO GAMES
SHOPPING HOME
MORE SHOPPING...



}}

, which is approximately a dipole. However, the "N" and "S" (north and south) poles are labeled here ''geographically'', which is the opposite of the convention for labeling the poles of a magnetic dipole moment.]]


Dipoles can be characterized by their dipole moment, a vector quantity. For the simple electric dipole given above, the Electric Dipole Moment would point from the negative charge towards the positive charge, and have a magnitude equal to the strength of each charge times the separation between the charges. For the current loop, the Magnetic Dipole Moment would point through the loop (according to the Right Hand Rule ), with a magnitude equal to the current in the loop times the area of the loop.

In addition to current loops, the Electron , among other Fundamental Particle s, is said to have a magnetic dipole moment. This is because it generates a Magnetic Field which is identical to that generated by a very small current loop. However, to the best of our knowledge, the electron's magnetic moment is not due to a current loop, but is instead an Intrinsic property of the electron. It is also possible that the electron has an ''electric'' dipole moment, although this has not yet been observed (see Electron Electric Dipole Moment for more information.)

A permanent magnet, such as a bar magnet, owes its magnetism to the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment of the electron. The two ends of a bar magnet are referred to as poles (not to be confused with Monopoles ), and are labeled "north" and "south." The dipole moment of the bar magnet points from its magnetic South to its magnetic North Pole —confusingly, the "north" and "south" convention for magnetic dipoles is the opposite of that used to describe the Earth's geographic and magnetic poles, so that the Earth's geomagnetic north pole is the ''south'' pole of its dipole moment. (This should not be difficult to remember; it simply means that the north pole of a bar magnet is the one which points north if used as a Compass .)

The only known mechanisms for the creation of magnetic dipoles are by current loops or quantum-mechanical Spin since the existence of Magnetic Monopole s has never been experimentally demonstrated.


TORQUE ON A DIPOLE


Since the direction of an electric field is defined as the direction of the force on a positive charge, electric field lines point away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge.

When placed in an Electric or Magnetic field, equal but opposite Force s arise on each side of the dipole creating a Torque τ:

: \boldsymbol{ au} = \mathbf{p} imes \mathbf{E}
for an Electric Dipole Moment p (in coulomb-meters), or

: \boldsymbol{ au} = \mathbf{m} imes \mathbf{B}
for a Magnetic Dipole Moment m (in ampere-square meters).

The resulting torque will tend to align the dipole with the applied field, which in the case of an electric dipole, yields a potential energy of

: U = -\mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{E}.

The energy of a magnetic dipole is similarly

: U = -\mathbf{m} \cdot \mathbf{B}.


PHYSICAL DIPOLES, POINT DIPOLES, AND APPROXIMATE DIPOLES


A ''physical dipole'' consists of two equal and opposite point charges: literally, two poles. Its field at large distances (i.e., distances large in comparison to the separation of the poles) depends almost entirely on the dipole moment as defined above. A ''point (electric) dipole'' is the limit obtained by letting the separation tend to 0 while keeping the dipole moment fixed. The field of a point dipole has a particularly simple form, and the order-1 term in the Multipole Expansion is precisely the point dipole field.

Although there are no known Magnetic Monopole s in nature, there are magnetic dipoles in the form of the quantum-mechanical Spin associated with particles such as Electron s (although the accurate description of such effects falls outside of classical electromagnetism). A theoretical magnetic ''point dipole'' has a magnetic field of the exact same form as the electric field of an electric point dipole. A very small current-carrying loop is approximately a magnetic point dipole; the magnetic dipole moment of such a loop is the product of the current flowing in the loop and the (vector) area of the loop.

Any configuration of charges or currents has a 'dipole moment', which describes the dipole whose field is the best approximation, at large distances, to that of the given configuration. This is simply one term in the Multipole Expansion ; when the charge ("monopole moment") is 0—as it ''always'' is for the magnetic case, since there are no magnetic monopoles—the dipole term is the dominant one at large distances: its field falls off in proportion to 1/r^3, as compared to 1/r^4 for the next (quadrupole) term and higher powers of 1/r for higher terms, or 1/r^2 for the monopole term.


MOLECULAR DIPOLES

Many Molecule s have such dipole moments due to non-uniform distributions of positive and negative charges on the various atoms. For example:

:(positive) H-Cl (negative)

A molecule with a permanent dipole moment is called a polar molecule. A molecule is '''polarized''' when it carries an induced dipole. The physical chemist Peter J. W. Debye was the first scientist to study molecular dipoles extensively, and dipole moments are consequently measured in units named '' Debye '' in his honor.

With respect to molecules there are three types of dipoles:
  • Permanent dipoles: These occur when two atoms in a molecule have substantially different Electronegativity —one atom attracts electrons more than another becoming more negative, while the other atom becomes more positive. See Dipole-dipole Attraction s.

  • Instantaneous dipoles: These occur due to chance when Electron s happen to be more concentrated in one place than another in a Molecule , creating a temporary dipole. See Instantaneous Dipole .

  • Induced dipoles These occur when one molecule with a permanent dipole repels another molecule's electrons, "inducing" a dipole moment in that molecule. See Induced-dipole Attraction .


The definition of an induced dipole given in the previous sentence is too restrictive and misleading. An induced dipole of ''any'' polarizable charge distribution ho (remember that a molecule has a charge distribution) is caused by an electric field external to ho. This field may, for instance, originate from an ion or polar molecule in the vicinity of ho or may be macroscopic (e.g., a molecule between the plates of a charged Capacitor ). The size of the induced dipole is equal to the product of the strength of the
external field and the dipole Polarizability of ho.


These values can be obtained from measurement of the Dielectric Constant . When the symmetry of a molecule cancels out a net dipole moment, the value is set at 0. The highest dipole moments are in the range of 10 to 11. From the dipole moment information can be deduced about the Molecular Geometry of the molecule. For example the data illustrate that carbon dioxide is a linear molecule but ozone is not.


QUANTUM MECHANICAL DIPOLE OPERATOR

Consider a collection of ''N'' particles with charges q_i and position
vectors \mathbf{r}_i. For instance, this collection may be a molecule consisting of electrons, all with Charge ''-e'', and nuclei with charge e Z_i , where Z_i is the Atomic Number of the ''i'' th nucleus.
The physical quantity (observable) dipole has the '''quantum mechanical operator''':
:
\mathbf{p} = \sum_{i=1}^N \, q_i \, \mathbf{r}_i .



ATOMIC DIPOLES

A non-degenerate (S-state) atom can only have a zero permanent dipole. This fact follows quantum mechanically from the inversion symmetry of atoms. All 3 components of the dipole operator are antisymmetric under Inversion with respect to the nucleus,
: I \;\mathbf{M}\; I^{-1} = - \mathbf{M},
where \mathbf{M} is the dipole operator and I\, is the inversion operator.
The permanent dipole moment of an atom in a non-degenerate state (see Degenerate Energy Level ) is given as the expectation (average) value of the dipole operator,
:

where

:B is the strength of the field, measured in Tesla s;
:r is the distance from the center, measured in Metre s;
:λ is the magnetic latitude (90°-θ) where θ = magnetic colatitude, measured in Radian s or Degree s from the dipole axis (Magnetic colatitude is 0 along the dipole's axis and 90° in the plane perpendicular to its axis.);
:M is the dipole moment, measured in ampere square-metres, which equals Joule s per Tesla ;
:μ0 is the Permeability Of Free Space , measured in Henry s per metre.


Vector form

The field itself is a vector quantity:

:\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}) = rac {\mu_0} {4\pi r^3} \left(3(\mathbf{m}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{r}})\hat{\mathbf{r}}-\mathbf{m} ight) + rac{2\mu_0}{3}\mathbf{m}\delta^3(\mathbf{r})

where

:B is the field;
:r is the vector from the position of the dipole to the position where the field is being measured;
r

:\hat{\mathbf{r}} = \mathbf{r}/r is the unit vector parallel to r;
:m is the (vector) dipole moment;
:μ0 is the permeability of free space;
:\delta^3 is the three dimensional Delta Function . (\delta^3 = 0 except at '''r''' = (0,0,0))
This is ''exactly'' the field of a point dipole, ''exactly'' the dipole term in the multipole expansion of an arbitrary field, and ''approximately'' the field of any dipole-like configuration at large distances.


Magnetic vector potential

The Vector Potential A of a magnetic dipole is

:\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}) = rac {\mu_0} {4\pi r^2} (\mathbf{m} imes\hat{\mathbf{r}})

with the same definitions as above.


Euler Parameters

A possible parametrisation of a magnetic dipole parallel to the z axis by the Euler Potentials \alpha , \beta in spherical coordinates is

:\alpha = rac{m_{z}}{4 \pi r} \sin^{2} heta \exp(\cot heta) \qquad \beta = - \cos \phi \exp(-\cot heta).


FIELD FROM AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

The Electrostatic Potential of an electric dipole is

: \Phi (\mathbf{r}) = rac {1} {4\pi\epsilon_0 r^2} (\mathbf{p}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{r}}).

This term appears as the second term in the Multipole Expansion of an arbitrary electrostatic potential Φ(r). If the source of Φ(r) is a dipole, as it is assumed here, this term is the only non-vanishing term in the multipole expansion of Φ(r).

The Electric Field from a dipole can be found from the Gradient of this potential:



:p is the (vector) dipole moment;
:ε0 is the Permittivity Of Free Space ;
:\delta^3 is the 3-dimensional Delta Function .
Notice that this is formally identical to the magnetic field of a point magnetic dipole; only a few names have changed.


DIPOLE RADIATION

In addition to dipoles in electrostatics, it is also common to consider an electric or magnetic dipole that is oscillating in time.

In particular, a harmonically oscillating electric dipole is described by a dipole moment of the form \mathbf{p}=\mathbf{p'(\mathbf r)}e^{-i\omega t} where ω is the Angular Frequency . In vacuum, this produces fields:

:\mathbf{E} = rac{1}{4\pi arepsilon_0} \left\{ rac{\omega^2}{c^2 r} \hat{\mathbf{r}} imes \mathbf{p} imes \hat{\mathbf{r}}
+ \left( rac{1}{r^3} - rac{i\omega}{cr^2} ight) \left 3 \hat{\mathbf{r}} (\hat{\mathbf{r}} \cdot \mathbf{p}) - \mathbf{p} ight ight\} e^{i\omega r/c}
:\mathbf{H} = rac{\omega^2}{4\pi c} \hat{\mathbf{r}} imes \mathbf{p} \left( 1 - rac{c}{i\omega r} ight) rac{e^{i\omega r/c}}{r}.

Far away (for r\omega/c \gg 1), the fields approach the limiting form of a radiating spherical wave:

:\mathbf{H} = rac{\omega^2}{4\pi c} (\hat{\mathbf{r}} imes \mathbf{p}) rac{e^{i\omega r/c}}{r}
:\mathbf{E} = \sqrt{ rac{\mu_0}{\epsilon_0}} \mathbf{H} imes \hat{\mathbf{r}}

which produces a total time-average radiated power ''P'' given by