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.]] Brazil 's population is very diverse, comprising many races and Ethnic Group s. In general, Brazilians trace their origins from four sources of Migration :
It is believed that the Americas were settled by three migratory waves from Northern Asia. The Native Brazilians are thought to descend from the first wave of migrants, who arrived in the region around 9000 BC. The main Native Brazilian groups are the Tupi - Guarani , the Jê , the Arawaks and the Caraibas ( Caribs ). The Tupi - Guarani nation, originally from the Paraná River basin and also the main of Native- Paraguay an nations, had spread all along the Brazilian coastline from South to North and got to be known by the Portuguese as "Os Índios da Língua Geral" ("The Indians of the General Language"); the Jê nation occupied most of the interior of the country from Maranhão to Santa Catarina . The Arawaks and the Caribs , the last ones to get in contact with the Portuguese, lived in the North and Northwest of Brazil. The s (or Caboclo s, a mixed race between Whites and Amerindians) have always been present in many parts of Brazil. Another important ethnic group, Africa ns, first arrived as slaves. Many came from Guinea , or from West Africa n countries - by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from Congo , Angola and Mozambique (or, in Bahia , from Nigeria ). By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around three to five million slaves had been brought to Brazil–37% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Nowadays, there are still immigration waves coming from the African continent, from countries such as Cape Verde and Sierra Leone . The largest influx of European immigrants to Brazil occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. According to the ''Memorial do Imigrante'' statistics data, Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953.12 These immigrants were divided in two groups: a part of them was sent to Southern Brazil to work as small Farm ers. However, the biggest part of the immigrants was sent to Southeast Brazil to work in the Coffee Plantation s. The immigrants sent to Southern Brazil were mainly Germans (starting in 1824, mainly from Rhineland-Palatinate , Pomerania , Hamburg , Westphalia , etc) and Italians (starting in 1875, mainly from the Veneto and Lombardia ). In the South, the immigrants established rural communities that, still today, have a strong cultural connection with their ancestral homelands. In South East Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the Veneto , Campania , Calabria and Lombardia ), Portuguese (mainly from Beira Alta , Minho and Alto Trás-os-Montes ), Spaniards (mainly from Galicia and Andalusia ). Notably, the first half of the twentieth century saw a large inflow of Japanese (mainly from Honshū , Hokkaidō and Okinawa ) and Arab (from Lebanon and Syria ) immigrants. These Arab immigrants were - and still are - wrongly called " Turks " by many Brazilian s because their original countries were still under Turkish rule back in the day Arab immigration to Brazil began. The number of actual Turks who immigrated to Brazil was in fact very small. . Scanned versions of the forms for each census distributed in Brazil since 1960 are available on-line from IPUMS International.3 LARGEST CITIES See Also: List of largest cities in Brazil Cities in Brazil, except for the state of São Paulo , are usually not arranged in a single network, but rather on various ''export paths'' to seaside Port s. Some geographers have called this an "archipelago" of cities 4, and the most important cities are on the coast or close to it. State capitals are also each the largest city in its state, except for Palmas , the new capital of the recently created state of Tocantins , and Florianópolis , the capital of Santa Catarina . There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in São Paulo State ( Campinas , Santos and Paraíba Valley ), Minas Gerais ( Steel Valley ), Rio Grande Do Sul ( Sinos Valley ), and Santa Catarina ( Itajaí Valley ). São Paulo and Rio De Janeiro are far larger than any other Brazilian city. São Paulo's influence in most economic aspects can be noted in a national (and even international) scale; other Brazilian metropolises are second tier, even though Rio de Janeiro (partially due to its former status as the national capital) still host various large Corporations' Headquarters , besides being Brazil's cultural center with respect to soap operas and Film Production . MIGRATIONS Immigration See Also: Immigration to Brazil from ''História da vida privada no Brasil, vol. 3, p. 23.'' Immigrants to Brazil (1881-1930) Italy: 35% Portugal: 28% Spain: 13% Germany: 5% Japan: 3% other countries: 16% from ''Des origines de l'humanité au XXIe s., Atlas de l'histoire du monde. Sélection du Reader's Digest.'' Immigration has been a very important Demographic factor in the formation, structure and history of the population in Brazil, influencing Culture , Economy , Education , Racial issues, etc. Brazil has received the second largest number of immigrants in the Western Hemisphere , after the United States . Brazil's structure, legislation and settlement policies for arriving immigrants were much less organized than in Canada and the United States at the time. Nevertheless, an Immigrant's Hostel (''Hospedaria dos Imigrantes'') was built in 1886 in São Paulo, and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of Vitória , Rio De Janeiro , Santos , Paranaguá , Florianópolis and Porto Alegre were established. The São Paulo site alone processed more thar 2.5 million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. People of more than 70 different nationalities were recorded. Following the trend of several other countries in the Americas , which encouraged immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a Melting Pot of races and nationalities, probably the second largest in the world after the USA, but being peculiar in the sense of having the highest degree of intermarriage in the world. Immigrants found a strong social and cultural Tolerance toward Inter-racial Marriage , including large numbers of Mulatto es (white and black), Mestizo s (Indian and white) and mixed European, African and Indian people, though it was not accompanied by an entire lack of racism. Correspondingly, the same mentality reflected in low psychological and social barriers regarding intermarriage between Europeans, Middle Easterners and Asians of several origins, as well as between people of different Religion s. Emigration In the second half of the 1980s , Brazilians from various socioeconomic levels started to emigrate to other countries in search of economic opportunities. High inflation and low economic growth in the 1980s, signs of what became known as the " Lost Decade " in Latin America , followed by the government's unsuccessful liberal economic policies in the 1990s, meant that even educated Brazilians could make more money doing low-skilled work abroad. .]] In the 2007 . The 2000 Brazilian Census provides some information about the high number of migrants returning to Brazil. Of those who reported residing in another country less than 10 years before the 2000 census, 66.9 percent were Brazilians. If only the returning migrants (former Brazilian immigrants) are considered, 26.8 percent of Brazilians came from Paraguay, 17 percent came from Japan, and 15.8 percent came from the United States. ETHNIC GROUPS .]] In part, the population descends from early European settlers — chiefly Portuguese ; African ( Yoruba , Ewe , Bantu , and others), and assimilated indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi and Guarani , but also of many other ethnic groups). Trans-ethnic marriages and concubinates have been common and well accepted ever since the first Portuguese settlers arrived. Starting in the late 19th Century Brazil received substantial immigration from several other countries, mainly what are now the countries of Italy , Germany , Spain , Poland , Lebanon and Syria (mostly Christians), Ukraine , Japan , the People's Republic Of China and Korea . Jewish people, both from Ashkenazi and Sephardi origin, form considerably large communities, especially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The descendants of the European Immigrant s, particularly the Germans , Italians and Poles , are mainly concentrated in the southern part of the country, in the states of Rio Grande Do Sul , Santa Catarina , Paraná , and the most populate, São Paulo ; these states, together with the Spanish speaking countries of Argentina and Uruguay have a large majority of people of European descent. In the rest of the country, most of the White population is of older Portuguese settler stock. In the mid-southern states of Rio De Janeiro , Espírito Santo , Minas Gerais , Goiás , Mato Grosso Do Sul and in the Federal District of Brasilia , the number of whites is somewhat equal to the number of Afro-Brazilian and mixed race Brazilians. In the Northeast, which received large masses of African slaves to work in Sugarcane , Tobacco and Cotton plantations, people of African descent are dominant. The city of Salvador da Bahia is considered one of the largest black cities of the World. Many poorer people from the Northeast have migrated to the large cities of Rio De Janeiro and São Paulo in the south, causing some increasing economic and social problems. In the Northwest (covering largely the Brazilian Amazon ), a great part of the population has distinguisheable ethnic characteristics that emphasize their Native Brazilian roots. Other ethnic groups have merged with the Indigenous tribes there. This region is not densely populated, and " Caboclo s", people of mixed native and European descent, are a small part of the entire Brazilian population. The Japanese are the largest Asian group in Brazil. In fact, Brazil has the largest Japanese population outside Japan, with 1.5 million Japanese-Brazilian s, most of them living in São Paulo . Some Chinese and Koreans also settled Brazil. Most Chinese came from Mainland China , but others came from Taiwan and Hong Kong , and also from Portuguese-speaking Macau —these Chinese from Macau could speak and understand Portuguese, and it was not hard for them to adjust to Brazilian life. Those immigrant populations and their descendants still retain some of their original ethnic identity, however they are not closed communities and are rapidly integrating into mainstream Brazilian society: for instance, very few of the third generation can understand their grandparents' languages. There are also a large number of Brazilians of Arab descent (estimated at 10 million people) , most of Christian Lebanese or Syria n descent. http://www.washtimes.com/world/20050711-092503-1255r.htm Aboriginal Brazilians See Also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil The Amerindian s make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian Reservation s in the North and Centre-Western part of the country. Aboriginal Brazilians are all people who descend from the earliest settlers of the country. Although millions of Brazilians possess Indian ancestry ( 60 million people, possess at least one Amerindian ancestor, according to a recent mitochondrial DNA study {Link without Title} , although most of them do not know any information about their Native Brazilian ancestry). Only 0.4% of the population consider themselves to be Indians. Reasons for this include race-mixing and the loss of their identity throughout the centuries. When the first Portuguese arrived in Brazil, in 1500, there were about 5 million Indians living in the country. In the mid- 19th Century they were only 100,000 and in the late 20th Century close to 300,000. Afro-Brazilians See Also: Afro-Brazilian
Black Brazilians make up 6.2% of Brazil's population, or about 11 million people. Blacks are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in the Northeastern part of the country. Black Brazilians are mostly people who descend from the African Slave s. Asian Brazilians See Also: Asian Brazilian , São Paulo , concentrates the largest Japanese population outside of Japan .]] Asian Brazilians make up 0.5% of Brazil's population, or about 1.5 million people. They are concentrated in two states; São Paulo and Paraná , but smaller communities are found in the entire territory of Brazil. Asian Brazilians are the descendants of East Asia n immigrants. The vast majority of Asian Brazilian are of Japanese ancestry. Brazil has the largest ethnic Japanese population outside of Japan, with over 1.5 million people. Japanese People immigrated to Brazil from 1908 to 1960 , due to economic problems in Japan . There are also smaller communities of Koreans and Chinese . Multiracial Brazilians Multiracial Brazilians make up 38.5% of Brazil's population, about 68 million people. Multiracial Brazilians are mainly people of mixed Europe an, Africa n and Indian ancestry. Mixed-race Brazilians live in the entire territory of Brazil. Although, according to DNA resources, most Brazilians possess a mixed-race ancestry, less than 40% of the country's population classified themselves as Multiracial.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-40142004000100004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#tab06 White Brazilians See Also: White Brazilian White Brazilians make up 53.7% of Brazil's population, or around 100 million people. Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are found in the wealthier South and Southeastern part of the country. White Brazilians are all people who descend from White immigrants. Up to 1800, close to 1 million Europeans had left for Brazil. The boom of the Immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, when about 6 million Europeans immigrated to Brazil. Nowadays, Whites make up the majority of the country's population. Until the mid-19th century, the vast majority of Brazil's White population was of Portuguese origin, but in the large immigration period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, people from several European countries immigrated. Although White Brazilians make up the majority of the population, a large number of them have some Amerindian and/or African ancestry (similar admixture are found in {Link without Title} ). Nowadays, White Brazilians come from a very diverse background, which includes:
See Also: Arab Brazilian Dutch Brazil German-Brazilian Italian Brazilian Polish Brazilian Portuguese Brazilian Spanish Brazilian EDUCATION AND HEALTH See Also: Education in Brazil Health care in Brazil , in Curitiba .]] The Federal Constitution of 1988 and the 1996 ''General Law of Education in Brazil'' (LDB) attributed to the Federal Government, States , Federal District and Municipalities the responsibility of managing the Brazilian educational system, considering three educational public systems as a basis for collaboration between these federal systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as mechanisms and sources for financial resources. The new Constitution reserves 25% of state and municipal taxes and 18% of federal taxes for education.Japan Bank for International Cooperation report, November 2005, "Sector Study for Education in Brazil" , retrieved 28 Feb 2007 As set out by the Brazilian Constitution , the main responsibility for basic education is attributed to the states and municipalities. Hence, a historical feature of Brazilian Basic Education is its extremely decentralized nature, which gives great organizational autonomy to sub-national governments (27 states and 5,546 municipalities) in organizing their educational systems. Early childhood education, from 0-6 years, is under exclusive responsibility of the municipalities. Responsibility for compulsory Primary Education from 1st to 9th grades is shared between states and municipalities. Kindergarten and pre-school education are the responsibility of local levels of government, whereas secondary schools are under the responsibility of the states. Maintenance of the system, including salaries, the definition of teacher career structures and supervision of early childhood, primary, and secondary levels (which make up basic education) is decentralized, and these levels are responsible for defining their respective curriculum content. Higher Education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different specialization choices such as academic or vocational paths. Depending on the choice, students may improve their educational background with ''Stricto Sensu'' or ''Lato Sensu'' postgraduate courses. Higher education has three main purposes: teaching, research and extension, each with their own specific contribution to make to a particular course. Diplomas and certificates are proof of having passed through higher education. In 2003, the literacy rate was at 88 percent of the population, and the youth literacy rate (ages 15–19) was 93.2 percent.Japan Bank for International Cooperation report, November 2005, "Sector Study for Education in Brazil" , retrieved 28 Feb 2007 However, Brazilian annalists tend to approach these favorable numbers with suspicion, considering the generally poor levels of performance displayed by students, especially in the public school network. According to 2007 .
RELIGION See Also: Religion in Brazil in his official visit to Brazil, in May , 2007 .]] According to the (215,000), Judaism (150,000), and Islam (27,000) and some practice a mixture of different religions, such as Catholicism, Candomblé, and indigenous American religions.6 Brazil has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world. Followers of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were the ones of "traditional churches", mostly Lutheran s, Presbyterian s and Baptist s. Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal adherents have increased significantly. 2007 The largest population of Buddhists in Latin America lives in Brazil. This is mostly because Brazil has the Largest Japanese Population outside Japan .7 Brazil appears as a devout country to outsiders yet in an IBOPE poll, about 8% of Brazilians declared themselves to be non-religious (with 2% declaring themselves atheists) and 58% of Catholics considered themselves "not very practicing" or "not at all practicing".8 According to IBGE 2000 Census, IBGE 2000 Census these are the biggest religious denominations in Brazil (only listed those with more than a half million members): LANGUAGES See Also: Languages of Brazil Brazilian Portuguese in São Paulo .]] Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil 9. It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, TV and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in The Americas , making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity. Portuguese as spoken in Brazil has developed independently of the European mother tongue, and it has undergone fewer phonetic changes than the language spoken in Portugal,Although Brazilian Portuguese was influenced by the coastal 2007 . thus it is often said that the " Language of Camões ", an important Portuguese fifteenth century author, sounded closer to modern Brazilian Portuguese than to the language spoken in Portugal today, and that his work is poetically more perfect when read the Brazilian way. Many Amerindian languages are spoken daily in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of these communities have significant contact with Portuguese 10, today there are incentives stimulating preservation and the teaching of native languages. According to in the region of Cabeça do Cachorro (Northwestern region of the State of Amazonas ), has adopted some indigenous languages as some of its other official languages along with Portuguese . Other languages are spoken by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural communities in Southern Brazil. The most important are the Brazilian German dialects, such as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch and the Pomeranian Language , and also the Talian , based on the Italian Venetian Language . In the city of São Paulo , Japanese , Chinese and Korean can be heard in the immigrant neighborhoods, such as Liberdade . English is also part of the official high school curriculum in most of the Brazilian states, but very few Brazilians are fluent. Spanish is understood to varying degrees by many Brazilians, especially on the borders with Colombia , Peru , Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . The same applies to French which is spoken and understood in the cities bordering French Guiana . DEMOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN , year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.]] Population :188,078,227 Note Age structure ]] :0-14 years: 25.8% (male 24,687,656/female 23,742,998) :15-64 years: 68.1% (male 63,548,331/female 64,617,539) :65 years and over: 6.1% (male 4,712,675/female 6,769,028) (2006 est.) Median age :Total: 28.2 years :Male: 27.5 years :Female: 29 years (2006 est.) Population growth rate :1.04% (2006 est.) Birth rate :16.56 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) Death rate :6.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) Net migration rate :-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) Sex ratio :At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female :Under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female :15-64 years: 0.983 male(s)/female :65 years and over: 0.697 male(s)/female :Total population: 0.976 male(s)/female (2007 est.) Infant mortality rate :Total: 28.6 deaths/1,000 live births :Male: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births :Female: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) Note: states from the south have this rate as low as 12.4 deaths/1,000 live births, which shows an incredible difference concerning quality of life in the various regions of the country. Life expectancy at birth :Total population: 71.97 years :Male: 68.02 years :Female: 76.12 years (2006 est.) Total fertility rate :1.91 children born/woman (2006 est.) Nationality :Noun: Brazilian(s) :Adjective: Brazilian Ethnic groups The only relatively isolated minority ethnic groups in Brazil are various non-assimilated Indigenous Tribes , comprising less than 1% of the population, who live in officially delimited reservations and either avoid contact with civilized people, or constitute separate social and political communities. The rest of the population can be considered a single "Brazilian" ethnic group, with highly varied racial types and backgrounds, but without clear ethnic sub-divisions. By physical type, a recent survey gives 53% "white", 38% "mixed", 6% "black", 1% "other". The ; the Ewe ; the Germans ; the Guarani ; the Italians ; the Japanese ; the Lebanese ; the Poles ; the Portuguese ; the Spaniards ; the Syria ns; the Tupi ; the Ukrainians ; and the Yoruba . Religions :Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census) Languages :Portuguese (official) Literacy :Definition: age 15 and over can read and write :Total population: 90.1% :Male: 90.4% :Female: 89.8% (2003 est.) SEE ALSO REFERENCES |
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