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BACKGROUND COMPONENTS The Stress es related to death demand Adjustment . Death relates an average, healthy person to some common stresses. Adaptation or adjustment primarily becomes necessary due to those stresses. Survival Death is the cessation of Survival . Everyday activities relate human to survival, directly or indirectly. Eating, drinking, sleeping, treating, protesting, or struggling - all for survival. The state of survival is nurtured till the terminal events of human life, like that is done in cases of Funeral or Burial of others. In abnormal circumstances, when pleasant survival is threatened people commit Suicide . Will to survive or continue to exist is the biggest humane need that demands adjustment with death. Psychology of survival Freudian concept of the human Mind describes thoughts related to Survival as ' Instinctual ’. Thus, our instinctual Drive s are challenged by the universal truth – ''death''. Psychologically, death is a danger for any living person, irrespective of health and age.Freud, S. 1926. "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety," In ''Standard Edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud'', Vol 20. Translated and ed. by J. Strachey. London: Hogarth, 1959, pp 75-175. Adjustment with time Over the course of human History , view towards death has changed as the other stresses in Human life for better Management strategy. The stress of the terrorizing knowledge of one’s own death for individual and Society is under continuous effort for adjustment. It is hard to tell at which point this adjustment task will be accomplished. The biggest challenge for this adjustment issue comes from the fact that death does not leave any time for the dead or dying after the very event for Adjustment . Time remains as a constant challenge on the way to adjustment for every average healthy individual. THEORIES OF DEATH ANXIETY There were two main theories about death Anxiety until the late twentieth century. Theory of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) postulated that people express a fear of death; he called it Thanatophobia . However, this was merely a disguise for a deeper source of concern. It was not actually death that people feared, because nobody believes in his own death. The Unconscious does not deal with the passage of time or with negations. That one's life could and would end just does not compute. Furthermore, that which one does Fear cannot be death itself, because one has never died. People who express death-related fears, then, actually are trying to deal with unresolved childhood Conflict s that they cannot bring themselves to acknowledge and discuss openly.Freud S. "Thoughts for the time of war and death," In: Standard Edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 4. Translated and Edited by Strachey J. London, Hogarth, 1953 Theory of Becker Becker 's existential view turned Death Anxiety theory towards a new dimension. It stated that death Anxiety is not only real, but also it is people's most profound source of concern. He described this anxiety as so intense that it can generate fears and Phobia s of everyday life. Fears of being alone or in a confined space are some examples of its impact. According to this theory, much of people's daily Behavior consists of attempts to deny death and thereby keep their basic anxiety under control.Becker, Ernest. The denial of death. New York: Free Press 1973 Some other theories Other approaches about Death Anxiety were introduced in the late Twentieth Century . Terror management theory is based on studies finding that people who felt better about themselves also reported having less death-related anxiety. Another approach named Regret theory was proposed in 1996 by Adrian Tomer and Grafton Eliason. It approaches on the way in which people evaluate the Quality or worth of their lives. The prospect of death is likely to make people more anxious if they feel that they have not and cannot accomplish something good in Life .http://www.deathreference.com EVOLUTION OF ADJUSTMENT Philippe Aries , the French Medievalist and historian of the family and childhood, has chronicled Western attitudes towards death from the Middle Age s to the 20th Century into five basic attitudes correlated with historical periods. These attitudes are the reflection of adjustment pattern of that particular period. From 5th to 8th century The first pattern, Tame Death, described the attitude from 5th to 8th centuries. At that time death was considered to be a Sleep until the Second Coming Of Christ followed by a nonthreatening consequence – either sleep or Heaven ly Afterlife . So for the average people there was a Supernatural aspect relating to Death . During 12th and 13th centuries The second pattern, Death of the Self, evolved by the 12th and 13th centuries. It described death as followed by an Afterlife that is signified by Judgment and fate according to it. So afterlife became anxiety provoking to the average people and also more defined attitude towards the Supernatural aspects related to death was established. It was more manipulating for human life, especially on the aspects of good and bad, that is Morality . From 16th to 18th century The third pattern, Remote and Imminent Death, is a transitional phase in the changing attitude that prevailed during the 16th to the 18th century. It is considered to be important because in this phase the concept about death and related events are converted to Natural ones from the Supernatural association. But the Anxiety was still there concerning death. During 19th century The fourth pattern, Death of the Other, bloomed fully during the 19th Century . It was an attitude mainly concerned with the feeling of intolerable Separation from the near ones and reunion regains its place as a hopeful aspect supporting the concept of death. But the Supernatural aspect or the life after death was not present, practically, in it. Thus Death remained as a Natural event. During 20th century |
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