De Rham Cohomology

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In Mathematics , de Rham cohomology (after Georges De Rham ) is a tool belonging both to Algebraic Topology and to Differential Topology , capable of expressing basic topological information about Smooth Manifold s in a form particularly adapted to computation and the concrete representation of Cohomology Class es. It is a Cohomology Theory based on the existence of Differential Form s with prescribed properties. It is in different, definite senses ''dual'' both to Singular Homology , and to Alexander-Spanier Cohomology . DEFINITION The de Rham complex is the Cochain Complex of Exterior Differential Form s on some Smooth Manifold ''M'', with the Exterior Derivative as differential. :$0\; o\; \backslash Omega^0(M)\backslash \; \backslash stackrel\{d\}\{\; o\}\backslash \; \backslash Omega^1(M)\backslash \; \backslash stackrel\{d\}\{\; o\}\backslash \; \backslash Omega^2(M)\backslash \; \backslash stackrel\{d\}\{\; o\}\backslash \; \backslash Omega^3(M)\; o\; \backslash cdots$ where Ω0(''M'') is the space of smooth functions on ''M'', Ω1(''M'') is the space of 1-forms, and so forth. Forms which are the image of other forms under the exterior derivative are called exact and forms whose exterior derivative is 0 are called closed (see Closed And Exact Differential Forms ); the relationship $d^\{2\}=\; 0$ then says that exact forms are closed. (Compare with Lie Coalgebra .) The converse, however, is not in general true; closed forms need not be exact. A simple but significant case is the 1-form of angle measure on the Unit Circle , written conventionally as dθ. There is no actual function θ defined on the whole circle for which this is true; the increment of 2π in going once round the circle in the positive direction means that we can't take a single-valued θ. We can though by removing just one point, changing the topology. The idea of de Rham cohomology is to classify the different types of closed forms on a manifold. One performs this classification by saying that two closed forms α and β in $\backslash Omega^k(M)$ are cohomologous if they differ by an exact form, that is, if $\backslash alpha-\backslash beta$ is exact. This classification induces an equivalence relation on the space of closed forms in $\backslash Omega^k(M)$. One then defines the $k$-th '''de Rham cohomology group''' $H^\{k\}\_\{\backslash mathrm\{dR\}\}(M)$ to be the set of equivalence classes, that is, the set of closed forms in $\backslash Omega^k(M)$ modulo the exact forms. Note that, for any manifold ''M'' with ''n'' Connected Components :$H^\{0\}\_\{\backslash mathrm\{dR\}\}(M)\; \backslash cong\; \backslash mathbf\{R\}^n$ This follows from the fact that any smooth function on M with zero derivative is locally constant on each of the connected components. DE RHAM COHOMOLOGY COMPUTED One may often find the general de Rham cohomologies of a manifold using the above fact about the zero cohomology and a Mayer-Vietoris Sequence . Another useful fact is that the de Rham cohomology is a Homotopy invariant. While the computation is not given, the following are the computed de Rham cohomologies for some common Topological objects: The ''n''-sphere: For the ''n''-sphere, and also when taken together with a product of open intervals, we have the following. Let ''n'' > 0, ''m'' ≥ 0, and ''I'' an open real interval. Then : e 0,n. \end{cases} The ''n''-torus: Similarly, allowing ''n'' > 0 here, we obtain :$H\_\{\backslash mathrm\{dR\}\}^\{k\}(T^n)\; \backslash simeq\; \backslash mathbf\{R\}^\{n\; \backslash choose\; k\}.$ Punctured Euclidean space: Punctured Euclidean space is simply Euclidean Space with the origin removed. For ''n'' > 0, we have:

DE RHAM'S THEOREM

De Rham's theorem, proved by Georges De Rham in 1931, states that for a smooth manifold $M$, the groups $H^\{k\}\_\{\backslash mathrm\{dR\}\}(M)$ are isomorphic as real vector spaces with the Singular Cohomology Group s $H^\{k\}(M;\backslash mathbf\; R)$.

The Wedge Product endows the Direct Sum of these groups with a Ring structure. A further result of the theorem is that the two cohomology rings are isomorphic (as Graded Ring s), where the analogous product on singular cohomology is the Cup Product .

The general Stokes' Theorem is an expression of Duality between de Rham cohomology and the Homology of Chains .


SHEAF-THEORETIC DE RHAM ISOMORPHISM


The de Rham cohomology is of ''M'' (''i.e.'' all the open sets in the open cover U are Contractible to a point, and all finite intersections of sets in U are either empty or contractible to a point).

Stated another way, if ''M'' is a compact ''C''^''m+1'' manifold of dimension ''m'', then for each ''k''≤''m'', there is an isomorphism
:$H^k\_\{\backslash mathrm\{dR\}\}(M,\backslash mathbf\{R\})\backslash cong\; \backslash check\{H\}^k(M,\backslash mathbf\{R\})$
where the left-hand side is the ''k''-th de Rham cohomology group and the right-hand side is the Sheaf Cohomology for the Constant Sheaf with fibre R.


Proof

Let Ω^''k'' denote the Sheaf Of Germs of ''k''-forms on ''M'' (with Ω⁰ the sheaf of ''C''^''m'' + 1 functions on ''M''). By the Poincaré Lemma , the following sequence of sheaves is exact (in the Category of sheaves):

:$0\; ightarrow\backslash mathbf\{R\}\; ightarrow\backslash Omega^0\backslash \; \backslash stackrel\{d\}\{\; ightarrow\}\backslash \; \backslash Omega^1\; ightarrow^\{\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !d\}\backslash \; \backslash Omega^2\; ightarrow^\{\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !d\}\backslash \; \backslash dots\; ightarrow^\{\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !d\}\backslash \; \backslash Omega^m\; ightarrow\; 0.$

This sequence now breaks up into Short Exact Sequence s

:$0\; ightarrow\; \backslash Omega^\{k-1\}\; ightarrow^\{\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !d\}\backslash \; \backslash Omega^k\; ightarrow^\{\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !\backslash !d\}\backslash \; d\backslash Omega^k\; ightarrow\; 0.$

Each of these induces a Long Exact Sequence in cohomology.
Since the sheaf of ''C''^''m'' + 1 functions on a manifold admits Partitions Of Unity , the sheaf-cohomology ''H''^''i''(Ω^''k'') vanishes for ''i'' > 0. So the long exact cohomology sequences themselves ultimately separate into a chain of isomorphisms. At one end of the chain is the Čech cohomology and at the other lies the de Rham cohomology.


RELATED IDEAS

The de Rham cohomology has inspired many mathematical ideas, including Dolbeault Cohomology , Hodge Theory , and the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem . However, even in more classical contexts, the theorem has inspired a number of developments. Firstly, the Hodge Theorem proves that there is an isomorphism between the cohomology consisting of harmonic forms and the de Rham cohomology consisting of closed forms modulo exact forms. This relies on an appropriate definition of harmonic forms and of '''the Hodge theorem'''. For further details see Hodge Theory .

Harmonic forms

If $M$ is a Compact Riemannian Manifold , then each equivalence class in $H^\{k\}\_\{\backslash mathrm\{dR\}\}(M)$ contains exactly one Harmonic Form . That is, every member ω of a given equivalence class of closed forms can be written as

:$\backslash omega\; =\; d\backslash alpha+\backslash gamma$

where $\backslash alpha$ is some form, and γ is harmonic: Δγ=0.

Any Harmonic Function on a compact connected Riemannian manifold is a constant. Thus, this particular representative element can be understood to be an extremum (a minimum) of all cohomologously equivalent forms on the manifold. For example, on a 2- Torus , one may envision a constant 1-form as one where all of the "hair" is combed neatly in the same direction (and all of the "hair" having the same length). In this case, there are two cohomologically distinct combings; all of the others are linear combinations. In particular, this implies that the 1st Betti Number of a two-torus is two. More generally, on an ''n''-dimensional torus ''T''ⁿ, one can consider the various combings of ''k''-forms on the torus. There are ''n'' choose ''k'' such combings that can be used to form the basis vectors for ''H''^''k''_dR(''T''ⁿ); the ''k''-th Betti number for the de Rham cohomology group for the n-torus is thus ''n'' choose ''k''.

More precisely, for a Differential Manifold ''M'', one may equip it with some auxiliary Riemannian Metric . Then the Laplacian Δ is defined by

:$\backslash Delta=d\backslash delta+\backslash delta\; d$

with ''d'' the Exterior Derivative and δ the Codifferential . The Laplacian is a homogeneous (in Grading ) Linear Differential Operator acting upon the Exterior Algebra of Differential Form s: we can look at its action on each component of degree ''k'' separately.

If ''M'' is s. In particular, the space of all harmonic ''k''-forms on ''M'' is isomorphic to ''H^k''(''M'';R). The dimension of each such space is finite, and is given by the ''k''-th Betti Number .


Hodge decomposition

Letting δ be the Codifferential , one says that a form ω is co-closed if δω=0 and '''co-exact''' if ω=δα for some form α. The '''Hodge decomposition''' states that any ''k''-form ω can be split into three L² components:

:$\backslash omega\; =\; d\backslash alpha\; +\backslash delta\; \backslash beta\; +\; \backslash gamma$

where γ is harmonic: Δ γ = 0. This follows by noting that exact and co-exact forms are orthogonal; the orthogonal complement then consists of forms that are both closed and co-closed: that is, of harmonic forms. Here, orthogonality is defined with respect to the L² inner product on $\backslash Omega^k(M)$:

• \beta

A precise definition and proof of the decomposition requires the problem to be formulated on Sobolev Space s. The idea here is that a Sobolev space provides the natural setting for both the idea of square-integrability and the idea of differentiation. This language helps overcome some of the limitations of requiring compact support, such as in Alexander-Spanier Cohomology .


SEE ALSO

• Hodge Theory

REFERENCES

• Raoul Bott and Loring Tu, ''Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology.'' Springer-Verlag, 1981.


• Philip Griffiths and Joe Harris, ''Principles of Algebraic Geometry''. Wiley-Interscience, 1978.


• Frank Warner, ''Foundations of differentiable manifolds and Lie groups'', Springer-Verlag, 1983