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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ('''cAMP''', '''cyclic AMP''' or 3'-5'-cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ) is a Molecule that is important in many biological processes; it is derived from Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). FUNCTIONS cAMP is a Second Messenger , used for intracellular Signal Transduction , such as transferring the effects of Hormone s like Glucagon and Adrenaline , which cannot get through the cell membrane. Its main purpose is the activation of Protein Kinase s; it is also used to regulate the passage of Ca2+ through Ion Channels . cAMP synthesis and decomposition cAMP is synthesised from ATP by Adenylate Cyclase which is located at the cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones Glucagon and Adrenaline through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G (Gs)-coupled receptors and inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G (Gi)-protein coupled receptors. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme Phosphodiesterase . Protein kinase activation (adrenaline) binds its receptor, that associates with an heterotrimeric G protein. The G protein associates with adenilate cyclase that converts ATP to cAMP, spreading the signal ( more details... )]] Cyclic AMP is involved in some protein kinases. For example, PKA (protein kinase A, also known as CAMP-dependent Protein Kinase ) is normally inactive as a tetrameric Holoenzyme , consisting of 2 Catalytic and 2 regulatory units (C2R2), with the regulatory units blocking the catalytic centers of the catalytic units. Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus activating the catalytic units and enabling them to phosphorylate substrate proteins. Glycogen decomposition regulation cAMP controls many biological processes, including Glycogen decomposition into Glucose (glycogenolysis), and Lipolysis . Role of cAMP in Bacteria In s that can supply energy independent of glucose. An example of cAMP's function is the positive regulation of the Lac Operon . In an environment of a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP, a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site beside the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon. Role of cAMP in some Slime Moulds In the species '' Dictyostelium Discoideum '' specifically, the Chemotactic movement of cells are organized by periodic waves of cAMP that propagate through the cell. The waves are the result of a regulated production and secretion of extracellular cAMP and a spontaneous biological oscillator that initiates the waves at centers of territories. Role of cAMP in human Carcinoma Some research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers. American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-responsive Genes and Tumor Progression) American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP Dysregulation and Melonoma) American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-binding Proteins' Presence in Tumors) Role of cAMP in Prefrontal Cortex Disorders Recent research may indicate that cAMP affects the function of higher order thinking in the Prefrontal Cortex through its regulation of ion channels called Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channels (HCN). When cAMP stimulates the HCN, these gates open, rendering the brain cell closed to communication, thus interfering with Prefrontal Cortex function. This research is of interest to scientists studying the brain, especially the degradation of higher cognitive function in ADHD and aging. ScienceDaily ::Brain Networks Strengthened By Closing Ion Channels, Research Could Lead To ADHD Treatment SEE ALSO
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