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A curse is the effective action of some power, distinguished solely by the quality of Adversity that it brings. A curse may also be said to result from a Spell or Prayer , imprecation or execration, or other imposition by Magic or Witchcraft , asking that a God , natural force, or Spirit bring misfortune to someone. The forms of curses found in various cultures comprise a significant proportion of the study of both Folk Religion and Folklore . PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION Belief in curses is found in many cultures and is mentioned in the scriptures of many religions. Many if not most established religions forbid such practices outright, but others, citing the long history of scriptural curses, utilize them only in defense against evil that struck at them first. All religions offer forms of blessings of homes and objects and people, with the intent of removing curses. Typically, then, a curse is only a category or type of something much larger, namely the entirety of any given culture's religio-magical paradigm. Some people believe curses to be strictly Psychological in effect and/or Superstitious in nature; these people generally hold Rationalist opposing viewpoints to the opinion that curses are actual and real. Such viewpoints usually hold that a curse will only have as much power as the subject gives it; lack of belief, in this case, equals lack of power. FOLK USE The deliberate levying of curses is often part of the practice of Magic , taking place at the boundary between organized Religion and folkloric customs. The curse makes effective part in the Hindu culture (The Fakir has the bless and curse power). Special names for specific types of curses can be found in various cultures:
ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN CURSES Greek and Roman curses were somewhat formal and official. Called ''katadesmoi'' by the Greeks and '' Tabulae Defixiones '' by the Romans, they were written on lead tablets or other materials, generally invoked the aid of a Spirit (a deity, a Demon , or one of the dead) to accomplish their aim, and were placed in some place considered effective for their activation, such as in a tomb, cemetery, or sacred spring or well. In the text of ''katadesmoi'' and ''defixiones'', the petitioner uttered a prayer or formula that the enemy would suffer injury in some specific way, along with the reason therefore, such as theft or loss of respect. The Romans, Etruscans , and Greeks in Italy all practiced this custom. They buried the curses so well that today we have a body of curse inscriptions to tell us how they did it. CELTIC CURSES In the Celtic world there were also many different forms of curses. Some of the most well known from Ireland are Curse Stones , Egg curses, New Year curses and Milk curses. Curse Stones generally involved particle stones with the power to curse. One example involved turning a stone three times and saying the name of the person you wanted to curse. Egg Curses are a fertility curse. If you buried/hid eggs on someone else's land it was believed you could steal their land's Fertility and therefore their Luck . There are also some well documented methods believed to break these curses. New Year Curses are like egg curses. If you took something from someone on the new year you took their luck for the year. People used to not clean their house or throw out water for this reason. In Munster you can see a similar form in the May Bush and the Stealing of may bushes. Stealing back the item or bush is believed to return the luck. Milk curses were curses put on a household where the milk from others cows went to yours. CURSES IN THE BIBLE The first curse in the Bible is put on the disobeying God, the ground is also cursed: "in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life." (3:17) In the redeems us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us...". He refers to Deuteronomy: " anyone who is hung on a tree is under God's curse." (21:23) Some passages in the Tanakh treat curses as being effective techniques; they see a curse as an objective reality with real power. However, most sections of the Bible conceive a curse to be merely a wish, to be fulfilled by God only when just and deserved. According to the ( Deuteronomy 23:5). The declaration of punishments (Gen. 3:14, 17; 4:11), the utterance of threats ( i. 14), and the proclamation of laws (Deut. 11:26-28, 27:15 et seq.) received added solemnity and force when conditioned by a curse. In the Bible, cursing is generally characteristic of the godless (Ps. 10:7), but may serve as a weapon in the mouth of the wronged, the oppressed, and those who are zealous for God and righteousness ( Judges 9:57; Prov. 11:26, 30:10). A righteous curse, especially when uttered by persons in authority, was believed to be unfailing in its effect (Gen. 9:25, 27:12; and Infertility . It is especially forbidden to curse God ( 20:9; Prov. 20:20, 30: 11), the authorities (Ex. 22:28; Eccl. 10:20), and the helpless deaf (Lev. 19:14). CURSES IN RABBINIC LITERATURE A number of sections of the Talmud show a belief in the power of curses (Berachot 19a, 56a.) In some cases, a curse is described as related to the nature of a prayer (Ta'an. 23b); an undeserved curse is described as ineffective (Makkot 11a) and falls back upon the head of him who utters it (Sanhedrin 49a). Not only is a curse uttered by a scholar unfailing in its effect, even if undeserved (Mak. 11a), but one should not regard lightly even the curse uttered by an ignorant man (Meg. 15a). The Biblical prohibitions of cursing are legally elaborated, and extended to self-cursing (Shebu. 35a). A woman that curses her husband's parents in his presence is divorced and loses her dowry (Ket. 72a). Cursing may be permissible when prompted by Religious motives. For instance, a curse is uttered against those who mislead the people by calculating, on the basis of Biblical passages, when the Messiah will come (Sanhedrin 97b). Cursed are those who are guilty of actions which, though not forbidden, are considered reprehensible. According to legend, some rabbinic scholars cursed sometimes not only with their mouths, but also with an angry, fixed look. The consequence of such a look was either immediate death or poverty (Sotah 46b, and parallel passages). (See Evil Eye ) CURSES IN THE QUR'AN CURSED PLACES Certain landmarks or locales are said to be cursed. Various lakes, rivers and mountains have been called cursed, as has the Sargasso Sea . However even when there is a tradition of a place "taking someone" every number of years it is not always considered cursed. For example, someone is said to drown in Lough Gur in Limerick, Ireland every 7 years but the lake is not considered "cursed" by the locals. The alleged Bermuda Triangle effect is believed by some to be some form of curse (and by others to be some unexplained natural phenomena). Babinda's Boulder s is a place known for its Devil's Pool , a group of waterholes known to be dangerous to young male travellers, but never claiming the lives of locals or females. Babinda township is near Cairns on the mid north coast of Queensland , Australia. http://www.abc.net.au/message/tv/ms/s1381165.htm There is some dispute about the dangers, that the geography of the place is naturally risky with the rocks and fast moving currents – yet an Aboriginal legend exists giving it the context of an historic curse. CURSE TO THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENCY Tecumseh's Curse was reputed to cause the deaths in office of Presidents Of The United States elected in years divisible by 20, beginning in 1840 . This alleged curse appears to have fallen dormant, since Ronald Reagan , (elected in 1980 ) survived an assassination attempt. SPORTS-RELATED CURSES A number of curses are used to explain the failures or misfortunes of specific sports teams, players, or even cities. For example:
THE CURSE OF 27 The Curse of 27 is the belief that 27 is an unlucky number due to the number of famous musicians who have died at the age. Robert Johnson , Jim Morrison , Brian Jones , Mary Catherine Ingram, Jimi Hendrix , Ron "Pigpen" McKernan , Janis Joplin and Kurt Cobain are all believed to have been affected by the curse of 27. CURSED OBJECTS Cursed objects are generally supposed to have been stolen from their rightful owners or looted from a sanctuary. The Hope Diamond is supposed to bear such a curse, and bring misfortune to its owner. The stories behind why these items are cursed vary, but they usually are said to bring bad luck or to manifest unusual phenomena related to their presence. The idea has broad pop-culture appeal, from Eponym ous object in the 1902 horror short story " The Monkey's Paw " to the "Lament Configuration" Puzzle Box in the modern '' Hellraiser '' movie series. Similarly, an attempt may be made to place a new curse onto an otherwise neutral object which can then be used as a cursed object to purportedly bring a curse to a person or place. This is similar to the practice of recording a spoken curse onto a media such as a Cassette Tape or Recordable CD which is then left at the area to be cursed. MUMMIES There is a broad popular belief in curses being associated with the violation of the tombs of Mummified corpses, or of the mummies themselves. The idea became so widespread as to become a pop-culture mainstay, especially in Horror Film s (though originally the curse was invisible, a series of mysterious deaths, rather than the walking-dead mummies of later fiction). The " Curse Of The Pharaohs " is supposed to have haunted the Archaeologist s who excavated the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun , whereby an imprecation was supposedly pronounced from the grave by the Ancient Egypt ian priests, on anyone who violated its precincts. Similar dubious suspicions have surrounded the excavation and examination of the (natural, not embalmed) Alpine mummy, " Ötzi The Iceman ". FRAUDULENT CURSES Some people claiming to be gifted in magic or Witchcraft set up business to exploit fears, in order to profit from the superstitious and gullible. This has been a very large part of the mythos (and bad reputation) of the modern day Roma People (Gypsies), as well as Voodoo and Santeria practitioners, who among other things peddle both in curses and cures for curses. In most respects these schemes are not particularly distinguishable from other dubious claims of supernatural power, such as those of Palm Readers , the Psychic Friends Network , Tarot card readers or Crystal Therapists . SEE ALSO
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