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Criminal justice is the system of legislation, practices, and organizations, used by government or me the State , which are all directed to maintain Social Control , Deter and control crime, and sanctioning those who violate Law s. The primary agencies charged with these responsibilities are Police (law enforcment), Court s, and Corrections which administers punishment for those found guilty. When processing the accused through the criminal justice system, government must keep within the framework of laws that protect Individual Rights . The pursuit of criminal justice is, like all forms of " Justice ", "fairness" or "process", essentially the pursuit of an Ideal . Throughout history, criminal justice has taken on many different forms which often reflect the cultural mores of society. HISTORY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE See Also: History of criminal justice The modern criminal justice system has evolved since Ancient times, with new forms of Punishment , added Rights for Offender s and victims, and Policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing Customs , political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the Middle Ages, Exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages , payment to the victim (or their family), known as Wergild , was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of Corporal Punishment . These included Mutilation , Branding , and Flogging , as well as Execution . Though a prison, Le Stinche , existed as early as the 14th century in Florence, Italy 1, Incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn , towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania 's criminal code was revised to forbid Torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with Jail s and Prison s replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from a group of Quakers , these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. John Howard undertook important studies of prisons during the 1770s in the United Kingdom ,2 and Patrick Colquhoun , Henry Fielding and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.3 Modern police The first Modern police force is commonly said to be the London Metropolitan Police , established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel , which promoted the Preventive role of police as a deterrent to urban Crime and disorder.4 In the United States, police departments were first established in Boston in 1838, and New York City in 1844. Early on, police were not respected by the community, as Corruption was rampant. In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson , police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agencies adopted Community Policing strategies. In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and Mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across the United States and around the world, with Problem-oriented Policing , Intelligence-led Policing , and other information-led policing strategies also adopted. GOALS |
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