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1,251,451 acres (5064 km&2)
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Aberdeen
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ABD
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or the '''County of Aberdeen''' (''Siorrachd Obar Dheathain'' in
Gaelic ) is a
Registration County of
Scotland . This area (excluding
Aberdeen itself) is also a
Lieutenancy Area .
Until 1975 Aberdeenshire was one of the
Counties Of Scotland , governed by a
County Council from 1890. The boundaries of the county were adjusted by the boundary commissioners appointed under the
Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 that established the county council. In 1900, the county town of Aberdeen became a county of a city and was thus removed from the county.
The county bordered
Kincardineshire ,
Angus and
Perthshire to the south,
Inverness-shire and
Banffshire to the west, and the
North Sea to the north and east. It had a coast-line of 65 miles (105 km), and was the sixth Scottish county in area, occupying 5,107 km&
2.
In 1975 the
Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 reorganised local administration in Scotland into a two-tier system of regions and districts. Aberdeenshire, along with the City of Aberdeen, Banffshire, Kincardineshire and most of
Morayshire were merged to form
Grampian Region , with the former county being divided between the districts of
City Of Aberdeen ,
Banff And Buchan ,
Gordon and
Kincardine And Deeside .
In 1996 Scottish local government system was reorganised a second time to form a single tier of unitary council areas. The name was revived for the
Council Area Of Aberdeenshire , which has different boundaries.
The area is generally hilly, and from the south-west, near the centre of
Scotland , the
Grampians send out various branches, mostly to the north-east.
There was an
Aberdeenshire Constituency of the
House Of Commons of the
Parliament Of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the
Parliament Of The United Kingdom from 1801 to 1868. This constituency did not include the
Parliamentary Burgh of
Aberdeen , which was represented as a component of
Aberdeen District Of Burghs until 1832, when it was enlarged and became the
Aberdeen Burgh Constituency . The other components of the
District Of Burghs became components of the then new
Montrose District Of Burghs .
In 1868 the Aberdeenshire constituency was divided to form two new
County Division s, or ''county constituencies'', namely
Eastern Aberdeenshire and
Western Aberdeenshire .
In 1885 the Aberdeen
Burgh Constituency was divided to form the burgh constituencies of
Aberdeen North and
Aberdeen South .
In 1918 Aberdeenshire and
Kincardineshire were treated as if a single county for parliamentary representation purposes, with the area of the
Kincardineshire County Constituency and the Aberdeenshire constituencies being divided into three new constituencies,
Kincardine And Western Aberdeenshire ,
Aberdeen And Kincardine Central and
Aberdeen And Kincardine East . Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire included the whole of the former Kincardineshire constituency.
In 1950 the area of the former Kincardinshire constituency (as abolished in 1918) was merged into a the then new
North Angus And Mearns Constituency , and the Aberdeenshire area was divided into the
East Aberdeenshire Constituency and the
West Aberdeenshire Constituency , but the boundary between these new eastern and western constituencies differed from that for the constituencies of the 1868 to 1918 period.
Boundary changes in 1955 enlarged the Aberdeenshire West constituency, and reduced the size of the Aberdeenshire East constituency.
In 1983, eight years after the local government county of Aberdeenshire was abolished, the Aberdeenshire constituencies were replaced with new constrituencies.
''The following text came originally from a 1911 Encyclopedia ''
Popular geography divides the traditional shire into five districts:
#
Mar , mostly between the Dee and Don, which nearly covers the southern half of the county and contains the city of
Aberdeen . It is mountainous, especially
Braemar , which contains the greatest mass of elevated land in the
British Isles . The Dee valley has sandy soil, the
Don valley loamy.
#
Formartine , between the lower Don and Ythan, has a sandy coast, which is succeeded inland by a clayey, fertile, tilled tract, and then by low hills, moors, mosses and tilled land.
#
Buchan lies north of the Ythan, and comprising the north-east of the county, is next in size to Mar, parts of the coast being bold and rocky, the interior bare, low, flat, undulating and in places peaty. On the coast, six miles (10 km) south of
Peterhead , are the Bullers of Buchan - a basin in which the sea, entering by a natural arch, boils up violently in stormy weather. Buchan Ness is the most easterly point of Scotland.
#
Garioch , in the centre of the shire, comprises a beautiful, undulating, loamy, fertile valley, formerly called the granary of
Aberdeen .
#
Strathbogie , occupying a considerable area south of the Deveron, mostly consists of hills, moors and mosses.
The mountains provide the most striking of the physical features of the county.
- Ben Macdhui , 1309 m (4296 ft), a magnificent mass, the second highest mountain in the United Kingdom ,
- Braeriach 1295 m (4248 ft),
- Cairn Toul , 1293 m (4241 ft),
- Beinn A' Bhùird , 1196 m (3924 ft),
- Ben Avon , 1171 m (3843 ft),
- "Dark" Lochnagar , 1154 m (3786 ft), the subject of a well-known song by Byron ,
- Cairn Eas , 1084 m (3556 ft),
- Sgarsoch , 1037 m (3402 ft),
- Culardoch 900 m (2953 ft),
are the principal heights in the division of Mar.
Farther north rise the
Buck Of Cabrach , 722 m (2368 ft) on the Banffshire border,
Tap O' Noth , 558 m (1830 ft),
Bennachie , 518 m (1698 ft), a beautiful peak which from its central position is a landmark visible from many different parts of the county, and which is celebrated in
John Imlah 's song, ''O gin I war faur the Gadie rins,'' and Foudland, 466 m (1529 ft).
in winter]]
The chief rivers are the
Dee , 90
Mile s (145
Km ) long; the Don, 82 miles (132 km); the
Ythan , 37 miles (60 km), with mussel-beds at its mouth; the
Ugie , 20 miles (32 km), and the Deveron, 62 miles (100 km), partly on the boundary of Banffshire.
The rivers abound with salmon and trout, and the pearl mussel occurs in the Ythan and Don. A valuable pearl in the Scottish crown is said to be from the Ythan.
Loch Muick , the largest of the few lakes in the county, 399 m (1310 ft) above the sea, 2½ miles (4 km) long and 1/3 to ½ miles (500 to 800 m) broad, lies some 8½ miles (14 km) southwest of
Ballater , and has
Altnagiuthasach , a royal shooting-box, near its south-western end.
Loch Strathbeg , 6 miles (10 km) southeast of Fraserburgh, is only separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land. There are noted
Chalybeate springs at Peterhead, Fraserburgh, and
Pannanich near
Ballater .
The greater part of the county is composed of crystalline
Schist s belonging to the
Metamorphic Rock s of the Eastern Highlands.
In the upper parts of the valleys of the Dee and the Don they form well-marked groups, of which the most characteristic are
#the black schists and
Phyllite s, with flints, and a thin band of
Tremolite Limestone ,
#the main or
Blair Atholl limestone,
#the
Quartzite .
These divisions are folded on highly inclined or vertical axes trending north-east and south-west, and hence the same zones are repeated over a considerable area. The quartzite is generally regarded as the highest member of the series. Excellent sections showing the component strata occur in
Glen Clunie and its tributary valleys above Braemar. Eastwards down the Dee and the Don and northwards across the plain of Buchan towards
Rattray Head and Fraserburgh there is a development of
Biotite Gneiss , partly of
Sedimentary and perhaps partly of
Igneous origin. A belt of slate which has been quarried for roofing purposes runs along the west border of the county from Turriff by Auchterless and the
Foudland Hills towards the Tap o' Noth near
Gartly . The metamorphic rocks have been invaded by igneous materials, some before, and by far the larger series after the folding of the strata.
The basic types of the former are represented by the sills of
Epidiorite and
Hornblende gneiss in Glen Muick and
Glen Callater , which have been permeated by
Granite and
Pegmatite in
Vein s and
Lenticle s, often foliated. The later granites subsequent to the plication of the schists have a wide distribution on the Ben Macdhui and Ben Avon range, and on Lochnagar; they stretch eastwards from Ballater by Tarland to
Aberdeen and north to Bennachie. Isolated masses appear at Peterhead and at Strichen.
Though consisting mainly of biotite granite, these later intrusions pass by intermediate stages into
Diorite , as in the area between Balmoral and the head-waters of the
Gairn . The granites have been extensively quarried at
Rubislaw , Peterhead and
Kemnay .
Serpentine and
Troctolite , the precise age of which is uncertain, occur at the
Black Dog rock north of
Aberdeen , at Belhelvie and near
Old Meldrum . Where the schists of sedimentary origin have been pierced by these igneous intrusions, they are charged with contact minerals such as
Sillimanite ,
Cordierite ,
Kyanite and
Andalusite . Cordierite-bearing rocks occur near Ellon, at the foot of Bennachie, and on the top of the Buck of Cabrach.
A banded and mottled
Calc -
Silicate Hornfel s occurring with the
Limestone at
Derry Falls , west-northwest of Braemar, has yielded
Malacolite ,
Wollastonite , brown
Idocrase ,
Garnet ,
Sphene and hornblende.
A larger
List Of Minerals has been obtained from an exposure of limestone and associated beds in
Glen Gairn , about four miles (6 km) above the point where that river joins the Dee.
Narrow belts of Old Red
Sandstone , resting unconformably on the old platform of
Slate s and schists, have been traced from the north coast at Peterhead by Turriff to
Fyvie , and also from Huntly by Gartly to
Kildrummy Castle . The strata consist mainly of
Conglomerates and sandstones, which, at Gartly and at Rhynie, are associated with lenticular bands of
Andesite indicating contemporaneous
Volcanic action. Small outliers of conglomerate and sandstone of this age have recently been found in the course of excavations in Aberdeen.
The glacial deposits, especially in the belt bordering the coast between
Aberdeen and Peterhead, furnish important evidence. The ice moved eastwards off the high ground at the head of the Dee and the Don, while the mass spreading outwards from the Moray Firth invaded the low plateau of
Buchan ; but at a certain stage there was a marked defection northwards parallel with the coast, as proved by the deposit of red
Clay north of
Aberdeen . At a later date the local
Glacier s laid down materials on top of the red clay.
The committee appointed by the
British Association proved that the Greensand, which has yielded a large suite of
Cretaceous fossils at
Moreseat , in the parish of
Cruden , occurs in glacial drift, resting probably on granite. The strata from which the Moreseat fossils were derived are not now found in place in that part of
Scotland , but Mr
Jukes Brown considers that the horizon of the fossils is that of the lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight or the Aptien stage of
France . Chalk flints are widely distributed in the drift between Fyvie and the east coast of Buchan. At
Plaidy a patch of clay with Liassic fossils occurs. At several localities between Logie Coldstone and Dinnet a deposit of
Diatomite (
Kieselguhr ) occurs beneath the
Peat .
The tops of the highest mountains have an arctic flora. At the royal lodge on
Loch Muick , 411 m (1350 ft) above the sea, grow larches, vegetables, currants, laurels, roses, etc. Some ash-trees, 1 to 1.5 m (4 or 5 ft) in girth, grow at 400 m (1300 ft) above the sea. Trees, especially Scotch fir and larch, grow well, and Braemar has plentiful natural timber, said to surpass any in the north of
Europe . Stumps of Scotch fir and oak found in peat sometimes far exceed any now growing in size.
Moles occur at 550 m (1800 ft) above the sea, and squirrels at 450 m (1400 ft). Grouse, partridges and hares abound, and rabbits are often too numerous. Red deer abound in Braemar, which has the most extensive deer forest in
Scotland .
Except in the mountainous districts, Aberdeenshire has a comparatively mild climate, owing to the proximity of much of the shire to the sea. The mean annual temperature at Braemar reaches 6 °C (44 °F), and that at
Aberdeen 8 °C (46 °F). The mean yearly rainfall varies from about 750 to 950 mm (30 to 37 in). In summer the upper Dee and Don valleys provide the driest and most bracing climate in the
British Isles , and grain grows cultivated up to 500 m (1600 ft) above the sea, or 100 to 150 m (400 to 500 ft) higher than elsewhere in North Britain. Poor, gravelly, clayey and peaty soils prevail, but tile-draining, bones and guano, and the best methods of modern tillage, have greatly increased the produce. Indeed, in no part of
Scotland has a more productive soil developed out of such unpromising material. Farm-houses and steadings have much improved, and the best agricultural implements and machines get widespread use. About two-thirds of the population depend entirely on agriculture. Farms are small compared with those in the south-eastern counties. Oats form the predominant crop, wheat has practically gone out of cultivation, but barley has largely increased. The most distinctive industry is cattle-feeding. Aberdeenshire fattens a great number of the home-bred crosses for the
London and local markets, and imports Irish animals on an extensive scale for the same purpose, while an exceedingly heavy trade in dead meat for
London and the south occurs all over the county. Farmers also raise
Sheep , horses and pigs in large numbers.
A large
Fishing population in villages along the coast engage in the white and herring fishery, fostering the next most important industry to agriculture.
Aberdeenshire fishing developed almost exclusively due to the introduction of steam trawlers. The total value of the annual catch, of which between a half and a third consists of herrings, amounts to £1,000,000.
The industry produces both speldings (salted and rock-dried haddocks) and finnans (smoked haddocks). The ports and creeks belong to the fishery districts of Peterhead, Fraserburgh and Aberdeen, the last of which includes also three Kincardineshire ports. The herring season for
Aberdeen , Peterhead and Fraserburgh lasts from June to September, at which time the ports become crowded with boats from other Scottish districts. Valuable salmon-fishings exist - rod, net and stake-net - on the Dee, Don, Ythan and Ugie.
The average annual despatch of
Salmon from Aberdeenshire comprises about 400 tons.
Manufactures mainly cluster in or near the city of
Aberdeen , but throughout the rural districts one finds much milling of corn, brick and tile making, smith-work, brewing and distilling, cart and farm-implement making, casting and drying of peat, and timber-felling, especially on Deeside and Donside, for pit-props, railway sleepers, laths and barrel staves. A number of paper-making establishments operate, most of them on the Don near
Aberdeen .
The chief mineral wealth comes from the noted durable
Granite , quarried at
Aberdeen , Kemnay, Peterhead and elsewhere including for causewaying stones.
Sandstone and other rocks are also quarried at different parts. The shire imports mostly coal, lime, timber, iron, slate, raw materials for the textile manufactures, wheat, cattle-feeding stuffs, bones, guano, sugar, alcoholic liquors, fruits. The exports include granite (rough-dressed and polished), flax, woollen and cotton goods, paper, combs, preserved provisions, oats, barley, and live and dead cattle.
On the south
Aberdeen city has rail links with
Stonehaven ,
Montrose and
Dundee , and to the north-west a line runs to
Inverness via
Huntly ,
Keith and
Elgin .
Branch lines from various points used to run to several smaller towns, e.g. from
Aberdeen to Ballater by
Deeside , from
Aberdeen to
Fraserburgh (with a branch at Maud for
Peterhead and at Ellon for
Cruden Bay and Boddam), from Kintore to Alford, and from Inverurie to Old Meldrum and also to Macduff. These lines all closed, largely as a result of the
Beeching Axe in the 1960s, they now serve as local pathways or bicycle tracks.
By sea Aberdeenshire has regular communication with the
Orkney Islands and the
Shetland Islands .
The highest of the macadamized roads crossing the eastern Grampians rises to a point 2200 ft above sea-level.
In 1801 the population numbered 284,036 and in 1901 304,439 (of whom 159,603 were females), or 154 persons to the square mile (59/km&
2). In 1901 Aberdeenshire had 8 persons who spoke Gaelic only, and 1333 who spoke Gaelic and English. The chief towns include
Aberdeen (population in 1901, 153,503), Bucksburn (2231), Fraserburgh (9105), Huntly (4136), Inverurie (3624), Peterhead (11,794), Turriff (2273).
The Supreme Court of Justiciary sits in
Aberdeen to try cases from the counties of Aberdeen, Banff and Kincardine. The three counties are under a sheriff, and two sheriffs-substitute reside in Aberdeen, who sit also at Fraserburgh, Huntly, Peterhead and Turriff. The sheriff courts occur in
Aberdeen and Peterhead.
The higher branches of education have always been thoroughly taught in the schools throughout the shire, and pupils have long been in the habit of going directly from the schools to the university.
Aberdeenshire people have a quick, sharp, rather angry accent. The local
Scots dialect, affectionally known as the
Doric , appears broad, and rich in diminutives, and is noted for the use of
/i/ in ''bane'' and ''stane'' and ''muin'' but
/wi/ before
/g/ and
/k/ in ''guid'' and ''cuit'' etc., the
/f/ realisation of ''wh'',
/d/ for medial ''th''
/ð/ etc. As recently as 1830 Gaelic provided the fireside language of almost every family in Braemar, but by the start of the 20th century was little used.
The country later forming the shires of
Aberdeen and Banff once served as home to the northern Picts, whom
Ptolemy called ''Taixall'', dubbing the territory ''Taixalon''. Their town of Devana, once supposed to be the modern
Aberdeen , has been identified by
John Stuart with a site in the parish of Peterculter, where there are remains of an ancient camp at
Normandykes , and by
William Forbes Skene with a station on Loch Davan, west of
Aboyne .
Roman Camp s have also been discovered on the upper Ythan and Deveron, but evidence of effective Roman occupation is still to seek. Traces of the native inhabitants, however, occur much more frequently.
Weem s or earth-houses occur fairly commonly in the west. Relics of
Crannog s or lake-dwellings exist at Loch Ceander, or Kinnord, five miles (8 km) north-east of Ballater, at Loch Goul in the parish of
New Machar and elsewhere.
Dun s or forts occur on hills at
Dunecht , where the dun encloses an area of two acres (8,000 m&
2), Barra near Old Meldrum, Tap o' Noth, Dunnideer near
Insch and other places.
Monolith s,
Standing Stone s and "druidical"
Circles Of The Pagan Period abound, as do many examples of the sculptured stones of the early
Christian epoch.
Efforts to convert the Picts started with
Teman in the 5th century, and continued with
Columba (who founded a monastery at Old Deer),
Drostan ,
Maluog , and
Machar , lasting results emerged only slowly. Indeed, dissensions within the Columban church and the expulsion of the clergy from Pictland by the Pictish king
Nectan in the 8th century undid most of the progress that missionaries had made. The
Vikings and
Danes periodically raided the coast, but after
Macbeth ascended the throne of
Scotland in 1040, the
Orkney men, under the guidance of
Thorfinn Sigurdsson , refrained from further trouble in the north-east.
Macbeth was afterwards slain at
Lumphanan (1057), a cairn on Perkhill marking the spot.
The influence of the
Norman conquest of
England made itself felt even in Aberdeenshire. Along with numerous Anglo-Saxon exiles, there also settled in the country
Flemings who introduced various industries,
Saxons who brought farming, and Scandinavians who taught nautical skill. The Celts revolted more than once, but
Malcolm Canmore and his successors crushed them and confiscated their lands. In the reign of
Alexander I (ruled 1107 - 1124) mention first appears of
Aberdeen (originally called
Abordon and, in the Norse sagas,
Apardion ), which received its charter from
William The Lion in 1179, by which date its burgesses had already combined with those of Banff, Elgin,
Inverness and other trans-Grampian communities to form a free
Hanse , under which they enjoyed exceptional trading privileges. By this time, too, the Church had extended its organisation, establishing the bishopric of
Aberdeen in 1150.
In the 12th and 13th centuries some of the great Aberdeenshire families arose, including the earl of Mar (c. 1122), the Leslies, Freskins (ancestors of the dukes of Sutherland), Durwards, Bysets, Comyns and Cheynes; significantly, in most cases their founders had immigrated to the district.
The Celtic thanes and their retainers slowly fused with the settlers. They declined to take advantage of the disturbed condition of the country during the wars of the Scots independence, and made common cause with the bulk of the nation.
Though
John Comyn (d. 1300?), one of the competitors for the throne, had considerable interests in the shire, his claim received locally little support. In 1296
Edward I made a triumphal march to the north to terrorise the more turbulent nobles. Next year
William Wallace surprised the
English garrison in
Aberdeen , but failed to capture the castle. In 1303 Edward again visited the county, halting at the Castle of Kildrummy, then in the possession of
Robert Bruce , who shortly afterwards became the acknowledged leader of the Scots and made
Aberdeen his headquarters for several months. Despite the seizure of Kildrummy Castle by the English in 1306, Bruce's prospects brightened from 1308, when he defeated
John Comyn , earl of Buchan (died 1313?), at
Inverurie .
For a hundred years after Robert Bruce's death (1329) intermittent anarchy occurred in the shire. The English burned
Aberdeen itself in 1336, and the re-settlement of the districts of
Buchan and Strathbogie occasioned constant quarrels on the part of the dispossessed. Moreover, the crown had embroiled itself with some of the Highland chieftains, whose independence it sought to abolish. This policy culminated in the invasion of Aberdeenshire by
Donald, Lord Of The Isles , who, however, suffered defeat at Harlaw, near Inverurie, at the hands of the Earl of Mar in 1411.
In the 15th century two further leading county families emerged:
Sir Alexander Forbes becoming Lord Forbes about 1442, and
Sir Alexander Seton , Lord Gordon in 1437 and Earl of Huntly in 1445. Bitter feuds raged between these families for a long period, but the Gordons reached the height of their power in the first half of the 16th century, when their domains, already vast, were enhanced by the acquisition, through marriage, of the
Earldom Of Sutherland (1514).
Meanwhile commerce with the Low Countries,
Poland and the Baltic had grown apace, Campvere (''Veere'' in
Dutch ), near Flushing (''Vlissingen'') in the
Netherlands , becoming the emporium of the Scottish traders, while education was fostered by the foundation of
King's College, Aberdeen in 1497 (
Marischal College followed a century later). At the Reformation so little intuition had the clergy of the drift of opinion that at the very time that religious structures were being despoiled in the south, the building and decoration of churches went on in the shire. Protestantism came in without much tumult, though rioting took place in
Aberdeen and
St. Machar's Cathedral in the city suffered damage. The
Earl Of Huntly offered some resistance, on behalf of the Catholics, to the influence of
James Stewart, 1st Earl Of Moray , who was
Regent during the reign of
James VI , but was defeated and killed at Corrichie on the Hill of Fare in 1562.
As years passed it became apparent that Presbyterianism gained less generally support than Episcopacy, of which system Aberdeenshire remained for generations the stronghold in Scotland.
Another crisis in ecclesiastical affairs arose in 1638, when the authorities ordered subscription to the
National Covenant . Aberdeenshire responded so grudgingly to this demand that
James Graham, 1st Marquess Of Montrose visited the shire in the following year to enforce acceptance. The Cavaliers, not being disposed to yield, dispersed an armed gathering of Covenanters in the affair called the Trot of Turriff (1639), shedding the first blood of the civil war. The Covenanters obtained the upper hand in a few weeks, when Montrose appeared at the
Bridge Of Dee and compelled the surrender of
Aberdeen , which had no choice but to cast in its lot with the victors.
Montrose, however, soon changed sides, and after defeating the Covenanters under Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1644), delivered the city to rapine. He worsted the Covenanters again after a stiff fight on
July 2 ,
1645 , at Alford, a village in the beautiful
Howe Of Alford . Peace was temporarily restored on the "engagement" of the Scots commissioners to assist Charles I.
Aberdeen welcomed
Charles II on his return from the Netherlands in 1650, but in little more than a year General
George Monck entered the city at the head of the Cromwellian regiments. The English garrison remained till 1659, but the following year Aberdeenshire effusively hailed the
Restoration , and prelacy once more went into the ascendant. Most of the Presbyterians conformed, but the
Quakers , more numerous in the shire and the adjoining county of
Kincardine than anywhere else in
Scotland , suffered systematic persecution.
After the
Glorious Revolution (1688) episcopacy passed under a cloud, but the clergy, yielding to ''force majeure'', gradually accepted the inevitable, hoping, as long as
Queen Anne lived, that prelacy might yet become the national form of Church government. Her death dissipated these dreams, and as
George I , her successor, was antipathetic to the clergy, it happened that
Jacobitism and
Episcopalianism came to be regarded in the shire as identical, though in point of fact the non-jurors as a body never countenanced rebellion.
The
Earl Of Mar raised the standard of revolt in Braemar (
September 6 ,
1715 ); a fortnight later
James Francis Edward Stuart was proclaimed at
Aberdeen cross; the Pretender landed at Peterhead on
December 22 , and in February 1716 he was back again in
France . The collapse of the first rising ruined many of the lairds, and when the second rebellion occurred thirty years afterwards the county in the main remained apathetic, though the insurgents held
Aberdeen for five months, and Lord Lewis Gordon won a trifling victory for Prince
Charles Edward Stuart at
Inverurie (
December 23 ,
1745 ). The
Duke Of Cumberland relieved
Aberdeen at the end of February 1746, and by April the
Young Pretender had become a fugitive.
Thereafter the people devoted themselves to agriculture, industry and commerce, which developed by leaps and bounds, and, along with equally remarkable progress in education, transformed the aspect of the shire and made the community as a whole one of the most prosperous in
Scotland .
''Aberdeenshire'', A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (1846), (British History Online)
