Information AboutConsul |
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Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire . The title was also used in other city states, and revived in modern states, notably Republican France before the Napoleon ic counter-revolution. The relating adjective is consular, from the Latin ''consularis'' (which has been used, substantivated, as a title in its own right). ANCIENT ROME See Also: Roman consul OTHER USES IN ANTIQUITY Other city states While in many cities (as in Gaul) there was a double-headed chief magistracy, often another title was used, such as Duumvir or native styles such as Meddix, but in some Consul was used. Private sphere It was not uncommon for various organisations under Roman private law to copy the terminology of state and city institutions for its own statutory agents (the very founding statute or contract was also called ''lex'', 'law') IN FEUDAL TIMES In various Italian city states, the republican regimes (elsewhere or in other periods, the Bishop or a hereditary Prince or Lord was in charge) gave its Chief Magistrate s the title of consul ... Thus there have been governments lead by consuls in Bologna , Novara (with one Maggiore as head of state), Trani , Treviso . The same happened in some cities in France, especially in the Mediterranean south, e.g. Avignon , Limoges . MODERN REPUBLICS French republican consuls In 1799 , revolutionary France enacted a constitution that conferred supreme executive powers upon ''three'' officials that bore the title "consul" as chief magistracy of the republic. In reality, however, the state was de facto under personal control of the First Consul , general Napoleon Bonaparte , so in political terms it was more like a re-edition of Julius Caesar's and Octavian's Triumvirate s. Originally the consuls were to hold office for a period of ten years, but in 1802 Bonaparte was declared First ''Consul for life'' (lifetime consulate was introduced for Second and Third Consuls as well), again rather like Caesar was Dictator for life (after declining the royal style). The French consulate ceased to exist when Bonaparte was declared Emperor of the French in 1804. Roman republican consuls Since on 15 February 1798 - 23 June 1800 the Roman Republic was declared, it was headed by multiple (not just two-member) consulate, which 27 November 1798 - 12 December 1798 occupied by "Sicily" (Naples); since 11 July 1799 - 28 September 1799 the republic was occupied by France, 30 September 1799 - 23 June 1800 occupied by "Sicily" (i.e. the kingdom of Naples), later one of the home-realms of the Italian kingdom. The members of the Consulates were:
Paraguay In between series of juntas (and various other short-lived regimes), the young republic was governed by Consuls of the Republic in power (2 consuls alternating in power every 4 months):
After a few Presidents of the Provisional Junta, there were again Consuls of the Republic, 14 March 1841 - 13 March 1844 (ruling jointly, but occasionally styled First Consul, Second Consul): Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán (b. 1792 - d. 1862) + Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero (d. 1853) (the lasts of the aforemenioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army) Thereafter all republcan rulers were styled President Revolutionary Greece Among the many petty local republics that were formed during the first year of the Greek Revolution , prior to the creation of a unified Provisional Government at the First National Assembly At Epidaurus , were:
''Note: in Greek , the term for "consul" is "ypatos", which translates as "supreme one", and hence does not necessarily imply a joint office.'' SEE ALSO
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