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For the journal by ACM SIGGRAPH , see Computer Graphics (Publication) . Computer graphics is a sub-field of Computer Science and is concerned with digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image processing. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of Visualization , although the two have many similarities. A broad classification of major subfields in computer graphics might be: # Geometry: studies ways to represent and process surfaces # Animation: studies with ways to represent and manipulate motion # Rendering: studies algorithms to reproduce light transport # Imaging: studies image acquisition or image editing ]] DEFINITION A term used to define virtual characteristics of visual integrety. GEOMETRY The subfield of geometry studies the representation of three-dimensional objects in a discrete digital setting. Because the appearance of an object depends largely on the exterior of the object, s have been developed into a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes (with Fluids being the most notable example {Link without Title} ). Subfields
ANIMATION The subfield of animation studies descriptions for surfaces (and other phenomena) that move or deform over time. Historically most interest in this area has been focused on parametric and data-driven models, but in recent years Physical Simulation has experienced a renaissance due to the growing computational capacity of modern machines. RENDERING Rendering converts a model into an image either by simulating Light Transport to get physically-based photorealistic images, or by applying some kind of style as in Non-photorealistic Rendering . The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). See Rendering (computer Graphics) for more information. Transport Transport describes how illumination in a scene gets from one place to another. Visibility is a major component of light transport. Scattering Models of ''scattering'' and ''shading'' are used to describe the appearance of a surface. Although these issues may seem like a problems all on their own, they are studied almost exclusively within the context of rendering . Shading can be broken down into two orthogonal issues, which are often studied independently: # scattering - how light interacts with the surface ''at a given point'' # shading - how material properties vary across the surface The former problem refers to Scattering , i.e., the relationship between incoming and outgoing illumination at a given point. Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function or BSDF. The latter issue addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a Shader . (Note that there is some confusion since the word "shader" is sometimes used for programs that describe local ''geometric'' variation.) Other subfields
HISTORY William Fetter was credited with coining the term Computer Graphics in 1960, to describe his work at Boeing . One of the first displays of computer animation was '' Futureworld '' (1976), which included an Animation of a human face and hand — produced by Ed Catmull and Fred Parke at the University Of Utah . There are several international conferences and journals where the most significant results in computer graphics are published. Among them are the SIGGRAPH and Eurographics conferences and the Association For Computing Machinery (ACM) Transactions on Graphics journal. The joint Eurographics and ACM SIGGRAPH symposium series features the major venues for the more specialized sub-fields: Symposium on Geometry Processing , Symposium on Rendering, and Symposium on Computer Animation . An extensive history of computer graphics can be found at this page . APPLICATIONS CONNECTED STUDIES COMPUTER GRAPHICS RESEARCH GROUPS Academia The number of computer science departments with computer graphics groups has grown rapidly over the past two decades. A partial list of departments notably involved in graphics research includes:
Industry Industrial labs doing "blue sky" graphics research include:
Major film studios notable for graphics research include: NOTABLE PEOPLE IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS (Based on computer graphics paper citations - see this list )
SEE ALSO
Numerous sub-areas of computer graphics can be found in . REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS
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