, as a Pejorative Term , can describe the Treason of Cooperating with enemy Force s Occupying one's Country . As such it implies Criminal deeds in the service of the occupying Power , including Complicity with the occupying power in Murder , Persecution s, Pillage , and Economic Exploitation as well as participation in a Puppet Government .
The use of " Collaboration " to mean "traitorous cooperation with the enemy," dates from 1940 , originally in reference to the Vichy Regime in France , and other French People who helped Nazi Germany . Since then, the words ''collaboration'' and ''collaborateur'' possibly have this very pejorative meaning in French (the shortened form ''collabo'' only has this pejorative meaning).
21 suspected Baltic Nazi War Criminal s were admitted to Sweden toward the end of World War II and have been living there ever since. Among them were several people such as Oskar Angelus , who established the Estonian Security Police and served as director of internal affairs in the collaborationist Estonian administration - Eesti Omavalitsus , and Karlis Lobe , who founded the Latvian Security Police Battalion s and headed the Latvian Police in Ventspils .
In Greece, General Tsolakoglou, who did not represent the Greek government in exile, signed the surrender of Greece in April 1941. Tsolakoglou was awarded for this contribution the leadership of the first Nazi-held puppet government in Athens. Tsolakoglou was followed by Logothetopoulos, who wished to create a Greek division for the Waffen-SS. Although he failed to, he helped some thousand die-hard fascists and national-socialist (some from the previous quasi-fascist regime of Ioannis Metaxas of 1936-1941), anti-communist and anti-semite Greeks to volunteer and enroll in the German Army. The third Greek collaborationist regime was headed by Ioannis Rallis .
The term in this negative meaning is also used for German individuals and institutions cooperating with the Nazi regime, though in their case it was not a foreign occupation, and later to people cooperating with or helping other dictatorial regimes in their own countries, even when foreign occupation was not involved.
- National Socialist Workers Party Of Denmark (DNSAP, 31,000 members in 1943), under the leadership of Frits Clausen
- The Danish Government under the occupation, including minister Niels Ellegaard
- Erik Scavenius , diplomat, minister of Foreign Affairs (1940-1943) and prime minister (1942-1944)
- Karl I. Eskelund , former president of Copenhagen 's Journalists' Union and head of the Press Bureau of the Ministry Of Foreign Affairs , which took care of Censorship throughout the German occupation.
- Danish industries cooperating with Nazi Germany. These include Arnold Peter Møller 's Shipping Companies And Industrial Activities (such as the Odense Steel Shipyard , the Bukh Motor Works and especially ''Riffelsyndikatet'' , Denmark's largest weapon factory at the time), as well as cement producers FLSmidth ( FLS Industries ) and Aalborg Portland .
- The Danish agricultural sector as a whole, which voluntarily supplied Nazi Germany on a commercial basis. Contracts were invoiced in Danish Kroner and transactions completed through the two countries' National Banks .
- '' Landbrugernes Sammenslutning '' (The Agricultural Association), with leaders Knud Bach and Jørgen Sehested.
- '' Bondepartiet '' (the Farmers' Party)
- Frikorps Danmark , an estimated 6-10,000 Danish volunteers who fought on the Eastern Front, under commanders:
- --- SS-Obersturmbannführer Christian Peter Kryssing 19.7.1941 – 23.2.1942
- --- SS-Obersturmbannführer Christian Frederik Von Schalburg 1.3.1942 – 2.6.1942
- --- SS-Obersturmbannführer Knud Børge Martinsen 11.6.1942 – 21.3.1943
- --- SS-Sturmbannführer P. Neergard-Jacobsen 21.3.1943 – 20.5.1943
- Dansk Folkeværn (a Nazi militia)
- Grethe Bartram
- Anna Lund Lorentzen
- Hedvig Delbo
- Johannes Rasmussen
- Knud Flemming Helweg-Larsen
- Tage Petersen
- Ib Birkedal Hansen
- Max Pelving
See Also: Vichy France
- Philippe Pétain , head of the "French state" (Vichy)
- Pierre Laval , head of the "French state"
- René Bousquet , head of the French police from May 1942 to December 1943
- Joseph Darnand , head of the Milice , successor of Bousquet as head of the police and founder of the '' Service D'ordre Légionnaire '' (SOL)
- Jean Leguay , delegate of Bousquet in the "free zone," inculped of crimes against humanity for his role in the July 1942 '' Rafle Du Vel'd'Hiv ''
- Louis Darquier De Pellepoix , Commissionner for Jewish Affairs of the Vichy government
- Philippe Henriot , State Secretary of Information and Propaganda of Vichy
- Maurice Papon , head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux (condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998)
- Simon Sabiani , head of Doriot's PPF in Marseille
- Paul Touvier , condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the Milice in Lyon's region
- Xavier Vallat , Commissionner General for Jewish Questions
- Jacques De Bernonville (1897-1972)
- Marcel Bucard , founder of the '' Mouvement Franciste '' far-right league and of the '' Légion Des Volontaires Français Contre Le Bolchévisme '' (LVF) (which was replaced by the SS Charlemagne Division )
- Marcel Déat , founder of the '' Rassemblement National Populaire '' (RNP) in 1941
- Eugène Deloncle , co-founder of '' La Cagoule '' right-wing terrorist group in 1935 and then of the fascist '' Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire '' in 1940
- Jacques Doriot , founder of the '' Parti Populaire Français '' (PPF) and member of the LVF
- Étienne Leandri , wore the Gestapo uniform during the war (participated in the creation of the Gaullist '' Service D'Action Civique '' (SAC) in the 1960s
- Pyotr Krasnov
- Lokot Republic
- Russian Liberation Army
- Andrei Shkuro
- Andrey Vlasov
- " Hilfswillige " or "Hiwi" Russians
- "Osttruppen" Russian Security forces
- "Ostlegionen"(Russian sections)
- 29. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr. 1)
- 30. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr. 2)
- Russkaya Ovsoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armija (RONA)
- Waffen-Sturm-Brigade Kaminski
- Kaminski Brigade
- Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski
- Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA
- Russkaia Osvoboditelnaia Armiia (ROA)
- Guard Corps Brigade of ROA
- " Schutzmannschaft -Brigade Siegling" or "SS-Polizei-Bataillon-Siegling"
- 2nd KNOR Division (600. (Russische) Infanterie-Division)
- 1st KNOR Division (650. (Russische) Infanterie-Division)
- 3rd KNOR Division (in development still at the end of the war)
- Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 3 (Russians & Ukrainians)
- Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 4 (Russians & Ukrainians)
- Freiwillige SS reg. "Warager" (Wrangel SS Regiment)
- 1st Russian National People Army (1st RNA, also known as "Boyarski Brigade")
- "Sonderheadquarters R" (special headquarters Russia)
- "Special division R" (12 training reconnaissance battalions)
- 1064th Russian Grenadier Regiment of 599 Russian Brigade
- 1st Russian National SS brigade "Drushina"
- Russkiy Okhranniy Korpus
- Otdel'niy Russkiy Korpus
- Russisches Schutzkorps or Russisches Schutzkorps Serbien (Russian Units in Balkans area)
- Russian fighter volunteers in "Fehrbellin Platz", Berlin
Was equipped with German and captured Soviet aircraft including: Arado Ar 66 C, Gotha Go 145 C, Polikarpov U-2 VS(Po-2) or Yakovlev Yak UT-2 (AIR-20) between other types for making night land attacks against Red Army lines in Eastern front. Their command HQ was detached in Minsk, Belarus.
- 1.Ostfl.St.(Russische) (Eastern volunteers Sqdn.) (Minsk)
- 1/NSGr.1 (Russische) (Kovno)
- 2/NSGr.1 (Russische) (Kovno)
- Stab I./Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch.Div. (Russische) (Borisov)
- Russisch Lehr Fl. Div. (Air Training operative Div). (Borisov)
- 2/Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch Div. (Russische) (Borisov)
- 3/Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch.Div. (Russische) (Borisov)
- 1/Eins.Gr.Fl.Sch.Div. (Russische) (Dubinskaya)
- ''Asano Division'' unit in Kwantung Army
- ''Russian Fascist Party Guards''
- ''Russian Monarquic Party Corps''
- ''Russian agents at service of Japanese and Manchu secret service in Manchukuo''
- ''Dobrovoletz''(''Der Freiwillige'') - Russian volunteer units
- ''Novoye Slovo'' Official political news of Andrei Vlasov, in Berlin
- ''Ostlegionäre der Wehrmacht''
"''Ich schwöre bei Gott diesen heiligen Eid, dass ich im Kampf gegen die bolschewistischen Feinde meiner Heimat dem Obersten Befehlshaber der Deutschen Wehrmacht, Adolf Hitler, unbedingten Gehorsam leisten und als tapferer Soldat bereit sein will, jederzeit für diesen Eid mein Leben einzusetzen''."
- David Littlejohn, 1972. '''', William Heinemann Ltd. (Mayfair, London), 391-page hardcover (ISBN 0-434-42725-X).
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