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Chinese Adjectives




Chinese Adjective s () differ from those in English in that they can be used as Verb s (for example 天黑了 ''tiān hēi le'' "The sky has become dark") and thus Linguist s sometimes prefer to use the terms static or Stative Verb to describe them. In most Dictionaries 形容词 (often abbreviated 形) is used to identify this part of speech.


BEFORE NOUNS

When describing a Noun with an adjective composed of multiple characters, 的 ''de'' is used between the adjective and noun (for example 高兴孩子 ''gāo xìng de hái zi'' "happy child"). It is not used with single-character adjectives (新车 ''xīn chē'' "new car"). Some examples:
  • — "dark sky"

  • — "bad person"

  • — "strange person"

  • — "cute panda"



AFTER NOUNS


First pattern

When describing a subject with most adjectives in Chinese the verb "to be" is not required - in fact its use is grammatically incorrect. These adjectives follow the simple pattern Noun + Adjective, with an extra word (such as 很 hěn "very", 好 hǎo "highly", 真 zhēn "really", 非常 fēi cháng "extraordinarily") inserted between the noun and adjective to specify the adjective's intensity. For example, the following express increasing intensities of the statement "she is beautiful":

  • She is very beautiful.


  • She is highly beautiful.


  • She is really beautiful.


  • She is extraordinarily beautiful.


Another pattern exists which expresses an intensity stronger than any of the above: Noun + Adjective + 极了 ''jí le''.

  • She is exceedingly beautiful.



When this extra word is left out, the sentence becomes comparative, so that the sentence

  • does not mean “she is beautiful,” but instead means “she is more beautiful (than someone else).” To indicate the basic meaning of “she is beautiful,” the word 很 (hěn "very") may be used and its meaning as an intensifier becomes nullified.



Second pattern

Most adjectives fit the above pattern, but some do not. They are often things that describe mutually exclusive states of being, such as gender or color. These adjectives follow the pattern Noun + 是 ''shì'' + Adj + 的 ''de''. For example:

  • He is male.


  • That car is new.


  • That cat is black.