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Calligraphy (from Greek '''' ''kallos'' "beauty" + '''' ''graphẽ'' "writing") is the art of beautiful Writing (Mediavilla 1996: 17). A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner" (Mediavilla 1996: 18). The story of writing is one of aesthetic evolution framed within the technical skills, transmission speed(s) and materials limitations of a person, time and place (Diringer 1968: 441). A style of writing is described as a '''script''', '''hand''' or '''alphabet''' (Fraser & Kwiatkowski 2006; Johnston 1909: Plate 6) . Calligraphy ranges from functional hand lettered inscriptions and designs to Fine Art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not supersede the legibility of the letters (Mediavilla 1996). Classical calligraphy differs from Typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; Characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing (Pott 2006 & 2005; Zapf 2007 & 2006). So, many calligraphers are as happy with "jazz" as "classical" for musical analogy and represents differing emphasis between artists. Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design/ typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art,various announcements/ graphic design/ commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions , memorial documents, props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates/maps, and other works involving writing (see for example Letter Arts Review; Propfe 2005; ). EAST ASIAN CALLIGRAPHY (A.D. 1051-1108) poet Mi Fu . For centuries, the Chinese literati were expected to master the art of calligraphy.]] See Also: East Asian calligraphy Asian calligraphy typically uses , and Hán Tự in Vietnamese ). Calligraphy (in Chinese, ''Shufa'' 書法, in Korean , ''Seoye'' 書藝, in Japanese ''Shodō'' , all meaning "the way of writing") is considered an important art in East Asia and the most refined form of East Asian Painting . Calligraphy has also influenced Ink And Wash Painting , which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia , including sumi-e, a style of Chinese , Korean , and Japanese Painting based entirely on calligraphy. INDIAN CALLIGRAPHY See Also: Indian calligraphy Indian calligraphy is write using sanscrit alphabet and have an old history. yes it is based very old history TIBETAN CALLIGRAPHY Calligraphy is central in Tibet an culture. The script is derived from Indic Script s. As in China , the nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lama s and inhabitants of the Potala Palace , were usually capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of Secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Bhuddism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their Prayer Wheels , although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well. PERSIAN CALLIGRAPHY See Also: Persian calligraphy ''Persian calligraphy'' is the calligraphy of Persian Writing System . The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised. The main types of Persian calligraphy are: Nasta'liq Script , Shekasteh-Nasta'liq script and Naghashi-khat. ISLAMIC CALLIGRAPHY See Also: Islamic calligraphy written in the Andalusi script]] Islamic calligraphy (''calligraphy'' in Arabic is ''Khatt ul-Yad'' خط اليد) is an aspect of Islamic Art that has evolved alongside the Religion of Islam and the Arabic Language . Arabic/Persian calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art ( Arabesque ) on the walls and ceilings of Mosque s as well as on the page. Contemporary Artists in the Islamic World draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions in their work. Instead of recalling something related to the reality of the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslim s is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the Spiritual world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Holy Book of Islam, al- Qur'an , has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverb s and complete passages from the Qur'an are still active sources for Islamic calligraphy. There was a strong parallel tradition to that of the Islamic, among Aramaic and Hebrew scholars, seen in such works as the Hebrew illuminated bibles of the 9th and 10th centuries. Islamic Calligraphy was a form of art. Muslims believed that only Allah could create images of people and animals. WESTERN CALLIGRAPHY See Also: Western calligraphy .]] ;Historical evolution of Western calligraphyV. Sabard, V. Geneslay, L. Rébéna, ''Calligraphie latine, initiation'', ed. Fleurus, Paris. 7th edition, 2004, pages 8 to 11 Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of The Roman Alphabet . The alphabet came from the Phoenician , Greek , and Etruscan Alphabet s. The first Roman Alphabet appeared about 600 BC , in Rome . About the first century we can see Roman Square Capitals carved on stones, Rustic Capitals painted on walls, and Roman Cursive for daily use. This trend continued into the second and third centuries using the Uncial , however writing withdrew to monasteries and was preserved there during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire finally fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages. At the height of the Roman Empire its power reached as far as Great Britain, when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. In fact, each region seemed to have develop its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian Script , Laon script, Luxeuil Script , Visigothic Script , Beneventan Script ) which are mostly cursive and hardly readable. The raising of the Carolingian Empire encouraged to set a new standardized script, developed by several famous monasteries ( Corbie Abbey , Beauvais ,...) around the eighth century, it's finally the script from Saint Martin De Tours which is set as the new Imperial standard, named the Carolingian Script (or "the Caroline"). From the Carolingian powerful Empire, this standard also conquered neighbouring kingdoms. About the seventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic Script , more cursive and for daily use. After the Invention Of Gutenberg ( 1455 ), the Gutenberg Script spread across Europe. In the sixteenth century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the Antiqua Script (about 1470). The seventeenth century saw the Batarde Script from France, and the eighteenth century saw the English Script spread across Europe and world by their books. From this, hand written Latin calligraphy hasn't really changed. But we can notice that this evolution was accelerated by the printing press ( Times New Roman ) in the nineteenth century and by computer fonts in the late twentieth century. Nowadays, computers allow an unskilled user to easily output dozens of scripts, but the result hasn't the same spontaneity that handwritten calligraphy has. ;Features of Western Calligraphy and modern Western Calligraphy Western calligraphy has some special features, such the illumination of the first letter of each page in medieval times, either by making it bigger, colored, and/or more complex. As Chinese or Arabian calligraphies, western calligraphic script had strict rules and shapes. The quality of a text was according to the regularity of the letters, and the "geometrical" good order of the lines on the pages. Each character had, and still has, a precise Stroke Order . Current Modern Western calligraphy have evolved into an art where creativity is paramount, allowing use of highly colored and/or cursive characters, while the sentences are commonly curves or crossing each other to add odd visual effects. TOOLS See Also: Writing implement The principal tools for a calligrapher are the Pen , which may be flat- or round-nibbed and the Brush (Reaves & Schulte 2006; Child 1985; Lamb 1956). For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens — steel brushes — can be used. However, works have also been made with Felt-tip and Ballpoint Pen s, although these works do not employ angled lines. Ink for writing is usually water-based and much less viscous than the oil based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of porousness, will enable cleaner lines, although parchment or ''vellum'' is often used, as a knife can be used to erase work on them and a light box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. In addition, light boxes and templates are often used in order to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Lined paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often lined every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used, such as with ''litterea unciales'' (hence the name), and college ruled paper acts as a guideline often as well. {Link without Title} SEE ALSO
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Islamic calligraphy
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