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Building codes are generally intended to be applied by Architect s and Engineer s, but are also used for various purposes by safety inspectors, Environmental Scientist s, Real Estate developers, contractors and subcontractors, manufacturers of building products and materials, Insurance companies, facility managers, Tenant s, and others. There are often additional codes or sections of the same building code that have more specific requirements that apply to Dwelling s and special construction objects such as canopies, signs, Pedestrian walkways, Parking Lot s, radio and Television Antenna s. TYPES OF BUILDING CODES The practice of developing, approving, and enforcing building codes varies considerably among nations. In some countries building codes are developed by the government agencies or quasi-governmental Standards Organizations and then enforced across the country by the Central Government . Such codes are known as the national building codes (in a sense they enjoy a mandatory nation-wide application). In other countries, where the power of regulating construction and fire safety is vested in Local Authorities , a system of Model Building Code s is used. Model building codes have no legal status unless adopted or adapted by an authority having jurisdiction. The developers of model codes urge public authorities to reference model codes in their laws, ordinances, regulations, and administrative orders. When referenced in any of these legal instruments, a particular model code becomes law. This practice is known as ''adoption by reference''. When an adopting authority decides to delete, add, or revise any portions of the Model Code being adopted, it is usually required by the Model Code developer to follow a formal adoption procedure in which those modifications can be documented for legal purposes. There are instances when some Local Jurisdictions choose to develop their own building codes. For example, at some point in time all major cities in the United States had their own building codes as part of their municipal codes. Since having its own building code can be very expensive for a Municipality , many have decided to adopt Model Codes instead. Only the cities of New York and Chicago continue to use the building codes they developed on their own; yet these codes also include multiple references to Model Codes , such as the National Electrical Code . Additionally, New York City is currently working to modify and apply the International Building Code for the city in a massive Model Code Program . Similarly, in India , each municipality and urban development authority has its own building code, which is mandatory for all construction within their jurisdiction. All these local building codes are variants of a National Building Code , which serves as model code proving guidelines for regulating building construction activity. Building codes do not carry copyrights. They are public law. The supreme court ruled in 2005 in a case named Veeck vs the Southern Building Code that the codes may be posted freely. SCOPE Building codes generally include:
Some building codes sometimes include requirements for:
Building codes generally do not include:
Building codes include:
Any high structure can be an obstacle for aircraft, and must therefore often be marked. These requirements are usually a combination of prescriptive requirements that spell out exactly how something is to be done, and performance requirements which just outline what the required level of performance is and leave it up to the Design er how this is achieved. Historically they are very reactive in that when a problem occurs the building codes change to ensure that the problem never happens again. In recent years there has been a move amongst most of the building codes to move to more performance requirements and less prescriptive requirements. Traditionally building codes were generally long complex interrelated sets of rules. They generally included reference to hundreds of other codes, Standard s and guidelines that specify the details of the component or system design, specify testing requirements for components, or outline good engineering practice. These detailed codes required a great deal of specialization to interpret, and also greatly constrained change and innovation in building design. In recent years several countries, beginning with Australia, have moved to much shorter objective based buildings codes. Rather than prescribing specific details, objective codes lists a series of objectives all buildings must meet while leaving open how these objectives will be met. When applying for a building permit the designers must demonstrate how they meet each objective. HISTORY Building codes have a long history. What is generally accepted as the first building code was in the Code Of Hammurabi which specified:
Nineteenth-century building laws The great changes in societies in Europe , the Industrial Revolution , the end of Slavery in the United States , and Immigration to the United States brought about the enactment of a number of building laws during the nineteenth century. England The most important statutes of this kind in England were the London Building Act of 1894 and the Public Health Act of 1875. {Link without Title} The Metropolitan Buildings Office was established in 1845. France In Paris italy great blocks of apartments were erected under the Second Empire (1852-70) . {Link without Title} The height of buildings was limited by law, so they were usually five or six stories at most. Germany and Austria Germany and Austria generally followed the French plan. United States In the United States such matters were usually regulated by city ordinances. In general, the interference of such statutes with the property rights of the citizen was justified by consideration of public policy. Specifically their object was to secure proper sanitary conditions and to diminish the frequency and disastrous consequences of fires in cities. {Link without Title} In the United States the constitutionality of such legislative interference with property rights has been sustained as coming within the police powers of =Publications
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