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boxcar on display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, Wisconsin .]] A boxcar (the American term; the British call this kind of car a "'''goods van'''") is a Railroad Car that is enclosed and generally used to carry general Freight . The boxcar, while not the simplest Freight Car design, is probably the most versatile, since it can carry most loads. Boxcars have side doors of varying size and operation, and some include end doors and adjustable Bulkhead s to load very large items. __TOC__ Boxcars can carry most kinds of freight. Originally they were hand-loaded, but in more recent years mechanical assistance such as Forklift s have been used to load and empty them faster. Their generalized design is still slower to load and unload than specialized designs of car, and this partially explains the decline in boxcar numbers since World War II . The other cause for this decline is the Container . A container can be easily transshipped and is amenable to intermodal transportation, carryable by ships, trucks or trains, and can be delivered door-to-door. In many respects a container is a boxcar without the wheels and underframe. Even loose loads such as Coal , Grain and ore can be carried in a boxcar, with boards over the side door openings, at later times grain transport used metal reinforced cardboard which was nailed over the door and could be punctured by a Grain Auger for unloading. This was more common in earlier days; it was susceptible to losing much loading during the journey, and damaged the boxcar. It was also impossible to mechanically load and unload. Grain can also be transported in boxcars designed specifically for that purpose; specialized equipment and procedures are required to load and unload the cars {Link without Title} . outside of Dillwyn, Virginia , has had its roofwalk removed to comply with Federal safety standards.]] Livestock can be transported in a boxcar (which was standard practice in the U.S. until the mid- 1880s ), but there is insufficient ventilation in warm weather. Specially-built or converted Stock Car s are preferable. Insulated boxcars are used for certain types of perishable loads that do not require the precise temperature control provided by a Refrigerator Car . Historically Automobile s were carried in boxcars, but during the 1960s specially built Autorack s took over; these carried more cars in the same space and were easier to load and unload. The automotive parts business, however, has always been a big user of the boxcar, and larger capacity cars evolved in the 1960s to meet the auto parts industry's needs. Special boxcars carry Newsprint paper and other damage-sensitive Cargo . While not holding the dominant position in the world of railborne freight that they had before World War II, the boxcar still exists and is used in great numbers around the world. HICUBE BOXCAR on August 8 , 2004 .]] In recent years "hicube" — "high cubic capacity" — boxcars have become more common. These are higher than regular boxcars and can only run on routes with increased clearance (see Loading Gauge and Structure Gauge ). PASSENGER AND WARTIME USE The boxcar has been known to carry passengers, especially during War time. In both World Wars, French boxcars known as Forty-and-eights were used as troop transports as well as for freight; in World War II by first the French forces, then the German forces, and finally the Allied forces. In addition to soldiers, the German Nazis transported prisoners in crowded boxcars. The same transportation was used by the Soviet Union forces during the 1930s and 1940s when over 1.5 million people were Transferred to Siberia and other areas from different countries and areas incorporated into the Soviet Union. style boxcar in the Army Transportation Museum.]]The United States used Troop Sleeper s to ferry U.S. soldiers through North America during World War II, which were both based upon boxcars and intended to be converted into boxcars after the war was over. Hobo s and Migrant Worker s have often used boxcars in their journeys (see Freighthopping ), since they are enclosed and therefore they cannot be seen by railroad-employed security men ("Bulls") or police, as well as being to some degree insulated from cold weather. The French called the boxcars forty-and-eight because they could carry forty troops or eight horses. PRESERVATION Many railroad museums have collections of boxcars. One of the largest collections can be found at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum at Portola, CA. The museum rosters over 30 boxcars, including several rare or unusual styles. The oldest dates from 1917, while several are from the 1960s and '70s. SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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