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Automatic control systems are composed of three components:
  • Sensor (s), which measure some physical state such as temperature or liquid level.

  • Responder (s), which may be simple electrical or mechanical systems or complex special purpose digital controllers or general purpose computers.

  • Actuator (s), which effect a response to the sensor(s) under the command of the responder, for example, by controlling a gas flow to a burner in a heating system or electricity to a motor in a refrigerator or pump.


A Regulator such as a Thermostat is a typical example of a device studied in automatic control.


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