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Parallels can be drawn between AMVs and Songvid s, non-animated fan-made videos using footage from movies, television series, or other sources. Anime is also not just a popular choice for such music videos either, sometimes Western cartoons are often such a popular choice, especially animated Disney movies. Also music in such AMVs are extremely diverse, such genres used in AMVs are Rock , Hip Hop , Pop , R&B , Country , and many others. AMVs should not be confused with professional and original animated films produced as music videos for such groups as Daft Punk , or with such short music video films as Japanese musical duo Chage And Aska 's song " On Your Mark " by Studio Ghibli . AMV CREATION The creation of an AMV centers on using various Video Editing techniques to create a feeling of synchronization and unity. Several techniques are available to achieve this:
PUBLICLY AVAILABLE AMVS There are a number of sources through which one can both acquire the works of other AMV editors and post their own creations for others to download and view.
AMV WEBCOMICS Some s—such as Cosplay , Anime , and Games —as comedic material. AMV COMPETITIONS, EVALUATIONS, AND RANKINGS
AMV AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT In certain jurisdictions, the making of AMVs may be permissible under Fair Use provisions. Distribution of AMVs is not likely to be protected by fair use provisions as any distribution is likely to constitute public use, whereas fair use is generally restricted to personal use. AMVs inherently consist entirely of copyrighted and unlicensed material, including entire songs and substantial portions of television series or motion pictures. Thus, legal concerns vary depending on several factors. As a general rule of thumb AMVs can be seen as illegal in the ''de jure'' sense, however, legalities concerning copyrights are subject to variation based on the copyright holders' consent. Many AMVs have so far been viewed as acceptable under fair use provisions or have otherwise gone legally unmolested, implying (albeit potentially falsely) a ''de facto'' legal validity. The Japanese culture is generally permissive with regard to the appropriation of ideas. Works such as These doujinshi take an original copyrighted work and expand upon the story, allowing the characters to continue on after, before, or during the original story. Most anime makers encourage this practice, as it expands their series. Some see it as a tribute, others see it from a business viewpoint, that it draws in more support for the anime than it would have had otherwise. Some mangaka create their own doujinshi, such as Maki Murakami's "circle" Crocadile Ave ( Gravitation (manga) ). Comiket , a convention that occurs twice a year in Tokyo, manages to pull in a crowd of 350,000 fans and artists, most of whom buy, sell, and trade doujinshi. Lessig has stated, "This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial manga market." Furthermore, Cosplay (costume-play) conventions persist across Japan. These are conventions in which people will dress up in homemade costumes made to match specific characters; this practice is not discouraged or prosecuted in any way under Japanese copyright or trademark law. Many notable anime and manga authors will attend both of these types of conventions themselves, and convention participants have historically taken this as a sign of the authors' approval. In a similar sense, several original anime cartoonists have flown to various places in the U.S. to attend AMV conventions, especially the larger ones such as Anime Expo and Otakon . Many of these animators have also expressed approval of the making of AMVs. The question has been raised of how such works can continue to exist, or such organizations to flourish, when they do so in legally muddy waters. The answer is that many of the Japanese authors encourage it - several of these authors began their careers with the same kinds of projects they witness anime fans working on today (ex. Clamp ). While some believe that many U.S. vendors who have acquired anime series or motion pictures have expressed disapproval of AMV works or have insisted said videos be withdrawn from distribution, such is typically untrue. These concerns may be attributed to the way Anime Convention s who show AMVs as part of their video programming have taken exceptional measures to safeguard themselves against possible liability issues. A prime example of such extreme measures can be seen in the waiver used by Otakon 's AMV Contest, which utilizes heavy legal wording. In actuality U.S. vendors are known for their willingness to overlook such use of their properties much in the same way the Japanese industry has, however the reasons are not entirely the same. The unofficial stance of U.S. vendors is that AMVs are seen as a form of unpaid advertising for said properties (creating interest in a particular series, and promoting sales) and the relationship between U.S. vendors and AMV creators is commonly considered mutually beneficial. However, U.S. vendors are often legally bound to officially and/or publicly oppose such use as they typically have a contracted responsibility to protect said properties from illegal use. In general, though, they will not aggressively take action as long as they are not explicitly confronted about it. An adage exists in the AMV community that states "the industry knows, but they don't know", meaning that U.S. vendors are aware AMVs exist but officially cannot acknowledge them, lest they be required to take potentially-expensive legal action. In recent years there has been an increased demand, primarily on the part of the record industry, for the removal of AMVs from sites like YouTube , Google Video , or the Animemusicvideos.org aggregation site. Musical performers, as well as their representative record labels, have been requesting the removal of some music videos from websites where they are made available for download. Public discussions and perspectives give varying accounts of exactly how widespread these actions have become. In November of 2005, the administrator of Animemusicvideos.org was contacted by Wind-Up Records , requesting the removal of content featuring the work of the bands Evanescence , Creed , and Seether . "Evanescence, Seether and Creed videos no longer available" -(Discussion on the Animemusicvideos.org forum, thread created November 15, 2005) This action, along with a perceived lack of contest from the Animemusicvideos.org site administrator, generated tremendous ill will among many fans of the bands and AMVs alike, and rumors have posited that the label threatened to shut the site down. The site administrator has stored archival copies of the exchange between the label and the site's staff and published them on the site for public review. With regard to legality, as has been previously stated, AMVs exist in a legal "gray area" that encompasses a wide range of current copyright-related matters. REFERENCES SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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