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This article is about the historical and contemporary Anarchist Movement in Africa . For a broader discussion see Anarchism and African Politics . Sam Mbah and I. E. Igariwey in ''African Anarchism: The History of a Movement'' make the claim that: To a greater or lesser extent, all of {Link without Title} traditional African societies manifested “anarchic elements” which, upon close examination, lend credence to the historical truism that governments have not always existed. They are but a recent phenomenon and are, therefore, not inevitable in human society. While some “anarchic” features of traditional African societies existed largely in past stages of development, some of them persist and remain pronounced to this day. The reason why traditional African societies are characterized as "anarchies" is because of their horizontal political structure and absence of classes. In addition to that leadership of elders normally did not transcend into the authoritative structure, which characterizes the modern state. It must be noted, however, that a strong value was placed on traditional and "natural" values. So for example, although there were no laws against rape, homicide, adultery, and witchcraft, a person committing those acts would be persecuted together with his or her kin. It was not uncommon to attribute acts of one individual to an entire group. Starting in the 15th Century the Class System began to form in parts of Africa, although the class system had existed in some African civilizations (such as Axum and Hausa ) for centuries. However, many societies have until this day remained as what is called “tribes without rulers”, a form of “ordered anarchy”. In post-colonial Africa, African Socialism has begun to emerge. It differs significantly from classical Socialism because of its emphasis on sharing of economic resources in a "traditional" way, akin to Narodnichestvo movement in Russia . The Libya n leader Muammar Al-Gaddafi has some similarities in his program with the views of Peter Kropotkin (though the bulk of it is hypocritical to the Libertarian tradition of Kropotkin). The difference with Kropotkin is an attitude to the religion and the socio-economic structure to which Muammar al-Gaddafi is clearly authoritarian. Muammar al-Gaddafi outlined his wiews in his '' Green Book '', published in 1975. AFRICAN ANARCHISM IN LITERATURE
: A collection of essays.
: Anarchist critique of the African Military Dictatorship s.
: A collection of essays.
: Historical account. SEE ALSO
FURTHER DISCUSSION RELEVANT NEWS EXTERNAL LINKS
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