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For the game, see Anagrams . ]] An anagram (< Greek ''anagramma'' 'letters written anew', passive participle of ''ana-'' 'again' + ''gramma'' 'letter') is a type of Word Play , the result of rearranging the letters of a word or phrase to produce other words, using all the original letters exactly once; e.g., ''Eleven plus two=Twelve plus one'', ''A Decimal Point=I'm a Dot in Place'', ''Astronomers=Moon Starers.'' Someone who creates anagrams is called an '''anagrammist'''. The original word or phrase is known as the ''subject'' of the anagram. Technically, any word or phrase which exactly reproduces the letters in another is an anagram; e.g., ''saltine'' = ''entails''. However, the goal of serious or skilled anagrammists is to produce anagrams which, in some way, reflect or comment on the subject. Such an anagram may be a synonym or antonym of its subject, a parody, a criticism, or praise. Another goal of anagrammists is to produce an anagram which is not only new, or previously unknown to others (this is known as "discovering" an anagram), but also one that is considered clever enough that it becomes widely known and enters the canon of famous or classic anagrams, like the Examples below. HISTORY The construction of anagrams is an Amusement of great Antiquity . They were popular throughout Europe during the Middle Ages , although it is widely believed the art of anagramming was invented by the Greek poet Lycophron . W. Camden (''Remains,'' 7th ed., 1674) defines "Anagrammatisme" as "a dissolution of a name truly written into his letters, as his elements, and a new connection of it by artificial transposition, without addition, subtraction or change of any letter, into different words, making some perfect sense applyable (i.e., ''applicable'') to the person named." Dryden disdainfully called the pastime the "torturing of one poor word ten thousand ways" but many men and women of note have found amusement in it. A well-known anagram is the change of "Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum" (''Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord {Link without Title} with you'') into "Virgo serena, pia, munda et immaculata" (''Serene virgin, pious, clean and spotless''). Among others are the anagrammatic answer to Pilate 's question, "Quid est veritas?" (''What is truth?''), namely, "Est vir qui adest" (''It is the man who is here''); and the transposition of " Horatio Nelson " into "Honor est a Nilo" (Latin = ''Honor is from the Nile ''); and of " Florence Nightingale " into "Flit on, cheering angel". James I's courtiers discovered in "James Stuart" "a just master", and converted "Charles James Stuart" into "Claims Arthur's seat" (even at that point in time, the letters I and J were more-or-less interchangeable). "Eleanor Audeley", wife of Sir John Davies , is said to have been brought before the High Commission in 1634 for extravagances, stimulated by the discovery that her name could be transposed to "Reveale, O Daniel", and to have been laughed out of court by another anagram submitted by the Dean Of The Arches , "Dame Eleanor Davies", "Never soe mad a ladie". PSEUDONYMS The Pseudonym s adopted by Author s are sometimes transposed forms, more or less exact, of their names; thus "Calvinus" becomes "Alcuinus" ( V = U ); " Francois Rabelais " = "Alcofribas Nasier"; " Arrigo Boito " = "Tobia Gorrio"; " Edward Gorey " = "Ogdred Weary", = "Regera Dowdy" or = "E. G. Deadworry" (and others); " Vladimir Nabokov " = "Vivian Darkbloom", = "Vivian Bloodmark" or = "Dorian Vivalcomb"; " Bryan Waller Proctor " = "Barry Cornwall, poet"; "Henry Rogers" = "R. E. H. Greyson"; "(Sanche) de Gramont" = " Ted Morgan ", and so on. It is to be noted that several of these are "imperfect anagrams", letters having been left out in some cases for the sake of easy pronunciation. For his book ''Mu Revealed'', a spoof on the works of James Churchward , occult writer Raymond Buckland used the pseudonym "Tony Earll", an anagram for "Not Really". {Link without Title} "Telliamed", a simple reversal, is the title of a well known work by "De Maillet". One of the most remarkable pseudonyms of this class is the name " Voltaire ", which the celebrated Philosopher assumed instead of his family name, François Marie Arouet, and which is now generally allowed to be an anagram of "Arouet, l j[eune " (U=V, J=I) that is, "Arouet the younger". Anagramming may also be used to good effect in Farce or Parody . A writer might take an unpleasant person he knows, base a character in a book on him, and then transpose the letters in the source's name. EXAMPLES ''Some of the following anagrams are from a jokes page on the by Brian Jacques. The Alec Guinness one is attributed to Dick Cavett . MUSIC Anagrams have also shown up in Music .
LITERATURE Summary anagrams Another genre of anagramming is that which deals with using anagrams of quoted literature in order to convey the essence of the work itself. This style is commonly referred to as summary anagramming and is a favorite genre of noted contemporary anagrammatists such as Simon Woodard . Below is an example of one of Woodard's polished summary anagrams, on Homer 's Odyssey : "Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns, driven time and again off course, once he had plundered the hallowed heights of Troy." -Homer's Odyssey = Hurrying home to his wife, Odysseus shoved off, fled the sea god's wrath, endured many moments of mistreatment, then landed on southern Ithaca...a long epic! {Link without Title} ASTRONOMY One practical use to which anagrams have been turned is to be found in the transpositions in which some of the the moon ''). Similarly, when Robert Hooke discovered Hooke's Law in 1660, he first published it in anagram form. One might think of this as a primitive example of a Zero-knowledge Proof . There are also a few "natural" anagrams, English words unconsciously created by switching letters around. The French ''chaise longue'' ("long chair") became the American " Chaise Lounge " by Metathesis (transposition of letters and/or sounds). It has also been speculated that the English "curd" comes from the Latin ''crudus'' ("raw"). NOTABLE ANAGRAMS
METHODS Before the Computer Age , anagrams were constructed using a pen and paper or lettered tiles, by playing with letter combinations and experimenting with variations. (Some individuals with prodigious talent have also been known to ‘see’ anagrams in words, unaided by tools.) Anagram Dictionaries could also be used to create anagrams. Computers have enabled a new method of creating anagrams, the anagram server, '''anagram solver''' or '''anagrammer'''. These are often used to find solutions for Crossword s, Scrabble , Boggle and other word games. A large number of these are available on the Internet . When the anagrammist enters a word or phrase the Program or Server utilizes an exhaustive database of words to produce a list containing every possible combination of words or phrases from the input word or phrase. Some programs such as ''Lexpert'' (used for Scrabble) only allow one-word answers. Many anagram servers can control the search results, by excluding or including certain words, limiting the number or length of words in each anagram, or limiting the number of results. Anagram solvers are often banned from online anagram games, such as Yahoo! Literati where they can be used for an unfair advantage, in some cases allowing a player to never miss a single word. Anagram solvers do not have to use English. Any language can be used, particularly those which use the Roman Alphabet . Anagrammers can even find solutions in multiple languages at the same time. Anagrammers may have other related functions, such as fitting the letters into a certain sequence. If while doing a crossword the reader knows he has a seven letter word in the form Z?R??N? (the question marks represent a blank square) then an anagram solver can tell us all the words that fit this pattern, for example ''zeroing'' and ''zircons''. When sharing their newly discovered anagrams with other enthusiasts, some anagrammists indicate the method they used. Anagrams constructed without aid of a computer are noted as having been done ‘manually’ or ‘by hand’; those made by utilizing a computer may be noted ‘by machine’ or ‘by computer’, or may indicate the name of the computer program (using ‘Anagram Genius’). CROSSWORDS Cryptic Crossword puzzles frequently use anagrammatic clues, usually indicating that they are anagrams by the inclusion of a word like "confused" or "in disarray". An example would be Businessman burst into tears (9 letters); the solution, '''Stationer''' is an anagram of '''into tears''', the letters of which have '''burst''' out of their original arrangement to form the name of a type of '''businessman'''. What is the most anagrammable name on record? There must be few names as deliciously workable as that of " Augustus De Morgan " who tells that a friend had constructed about 800 on his name (specimens of which are given in his ''Budget of Paradoxes'', p. 82) ANAGRAMMY AWARDS Anagrammy, a non-commercial web site run by anagram aficionados, hosts a monthly competition for various categories of original anagrams, including peoples' names, current events, long anagrams, and rude anagrams. Participants are free to post their original anagrams throughout the month on the Anagrammy forum, and nominate those deemed worthy for an Anagrammy award. Voting is usually held during the first week of each month. An annual Grand Anagrammy voting contest is also hosted for all winning Anagrams. The web site also includes practical information on anagramming techniques, and a database of famous and winning anagrams. GAMES AND PUZZLES Anagrams are in themselves a recreational activity, but also make up part of many other games, puzzles and Game Show s.
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