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This definition applies equally to any land and water transport, small or large, powered or unpowered, ranging from amphibious bicycles, ATVs, cars, buses, trucks, RVs, and military vehicles, all the way to the very largest Hovercraft s. Classic landing craft are generally not considered amphibious vehicles, although they ''are'' part of '' Amphibious Assault ''. Nor are Ground Effect Vehicle s, such as Ekranoplan s. The former don't offer any real land transportation at all - the latter (aside from completely disconnecting from the surface, like an Airplane ), will likely crash on any but the flattest of landmasses. 5-ton U.S. amphibious cargo vehicle]] GENERAL TECHNICAL NOTES ]] Apart from the distinction in sizes mentioned above, two main categories of amphibious vehicle are immediately apparent: those that travel on an air-cushion ( Hovercraft ) and those that don't. Amongst the latter, many designs were prompted by the desire to expand the off-road capabilities of land-vehicles to an "all-terrain" ability, in some cases not only focused on creating a transport that will work on land and water, but also on intermediates like ice, snow, mud, Marsh , Swamp etc.. This explains why many designs use Tracks in addition to or instead of wheels, and in some cases even resort to Articulated body configurations. Most land vehicles - even lightly armored ones - can be made amphibious simply by providing them with a waterproof Hull and perhaps a propellor. This is possible thanks to the vehicle's volume usually being bigger than its Displacement , meaning it will float. Heavily armored vehicles however sometimes have a Density greater than water (their weight in Kilogram s exceeds their volume in Liter s), and will need additional Buoyancy measures. These can take the form of inflatable floatation devices, much like the sides of a rubber dinghy, or a waterproof fabric skirt raised from the top perimeter of the vehicle. In the case of the Land Rover pictured to the side, floats in the shape of oil-drums have been used to create a vehicle that will swim much like an improvised raft. For propulsion in or on the water some vehicles simply make do by spinning their wheels or tracks, while others can power their way forward more effectively using (additional) Screw Propellor(s) or Water Jet(s) . Most amphibians will work only as a Displacement Hull when in the water - only a small number of designs have the capability to raise out of the water when speed is gained, to achieve high velocity Hydroplaning , skimming over the water surface like Speedboats . HISTORY Some of the earliest known amphibious vehicles were amphibious carriages, the invention of which is credited to the notorious Napolitan Prince Raimondo de Sangro of SanSevero ( ca. 1750 ) or (1781). The first known self-propelled amphibious vehicle, a steam-powered wheeled dredging barge, named the ''Orukter Amphibolos'', was conceived and built by United States inventor Oliver Evans in 1805, although it is disputed to have successfully travelled over land or water under its own steam {Link without Title} . Although it is unclear who (and where and when) built the first combustion-engined amphibian, in all likelihood the development of powered amphibious vehicles didn't get afloat until 1899. Until the late 1920s the efforts to unify a boat and an Automobile mostly came down to simply putting wheels and axles on a boat hull, or getting a rolling Chassis to float by blending a boat-like hull with the car's frame (Pohl, 1998). One of the first reasonably well documented cases was the 1905 amphibious petrol-powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA). Just like the worlds First Petrol-powered Automobile (1885, Carl Benz) it was a three-wheeler. The single front wheel provided direction, both on land and in the water. A three-cylinder petrol combustion-engine powered the oversized rear wheels. In order to get the wheels to provide propulsion in the water, fins or buckets would be attached to the rear wheel spokes. Remarkably the boat-like hull was one of the first integral bodies ever used on a car (Pohl, 1998). .]] Since the 1920s development of amphibious vehicles greatly diversified. Numerous designs have been created for a broad range of applications, including recreation, expeditions, search & rescue, and military, leading to a myriad of concepts and variants. In some of them the amphibious capabilities are central to their purpose, whereas in others they are only an expansion to what has remained primarily a watercraft or a land vehicle. SMALL WHEELED AMPHIBIANS Amongst the smallest non air-cushioned amphibious vehicles are amphibious bicycles , ( see also ) and ATV s. Although the former are still an absolute rarity, the latter saw significant popularity in North America during the nineteen sixties and early seventies. Typically an ''Amphibious ATV'' or AATV is a small, lightweight, off-highway vehicle, constructed from an integral hard plastic or fibreglass bodytub, fitted with six (sometimes eight) driven wheels, with low pressure, balloon tires. With no suspension (other than what the tires offer) and no steering wheels, directional control is accomplished through skid-steering - just as on a tracked vehicle - either by braking the wheels on the side where you want to turn, or by applying more throttle to the wheels on the opposite side. Most contemporary designs use garden tractor type engines, that will provide roughly 25 mph top speed on land. Constructed this way, an AATV will float with ample freeboard and is capable of traversing swamps, ponds and streams as well as dry land. On land these units have high grip and great off-road ability, that can be further enhanced with an optional set of tracks that can be mounted directly onto the wheels. Although the spinning action of the tires is enough to propel the vehicle through the water - albeit slowly - outboard motors can be added for extended water use. Current AATV manufacturers are Argo , Land Tamer , MAX ATVs and Triton . Articulated-body designs in this category were the Coot and the very similar TAG Croco . Recently some efforts are made towards amphibious ATV's of the straddled variety. For instance in the form of an add-on inflatable pontoon kit , that can be installed on any quad-bike ATV with front and rear metal frame racks and at least 14" water fording ability. A new development was shown in 2006 by Gibbs Technologies. Their Quadski is a prototype for a cross between a Jetski and a Quad-bike . AMPHIBIOUS CARS German Schwimmwagen]] As already mentioned, amphibious Automobile s have been conceived from ca. 1900, but the Second World War significantly stimulated their development. Over the years two approaches can be distinguished: on the one hand purely recreational designs, where the swimming capability itself adds to the car's fun-factor. On the other hand are serious off-road designs, intended to transport you not only where there are no roads, but also where there are no bridges. Military designs usually fall into the second category. Two of the most significant amphibious cars to date were developed during World War II. The most proliferous was the German '' Schwimmwagen '', a small jeep-like 4x4 vehicle designed by the Porsche engineering firm in 1942 and widely used in World War II . The amphibious bodywork was designed by Erwin Komenda , the firm's body construction designer, using the engine and drive train of the '' Kübelwagen ''. An amphibious version of the Willys MB jeep, the Ford GPA or'' 'Seep' ''(short for ''Sea jeep'') was developed during World War II as well. A specially modified GPA, called Half-Safe , was driven and sailed around the world by Australian Ben Carlin in the 1950s. One of the most capable post-war amphibious off-roaders was the German Amphi-Ranger , that featured a hull made of sea-water resistant AlMg2 aluminium alloy. Extensively engineered, this costly vehicle was proven sea-worthy at a Gale Force 10 storm off the North Sea coast (Pohl, 1998). Only about 100 were built - those who own one have found it capable of crossing the English Channel almost effortlessly. Purely recreational amphibian cars include the 1960s Amphicar and the contemporary Gibbs Aquada . With almost 4.000 pieces built, the Amphicar is still the most successfully produced civilian amphibious car to date. The Gibbs Aquada stands out due to its capability of high speed planing on water. Other amphibious cars currently in production include the Dutton Commander 'AmphiJeep' (GB), the US Hydra Spyder and WaterCar , as well as several Chinese designs like the JX5021TLYDS . American distributor Rodedawg is now seeking to bring an adapted version of the Chinese amphibs to America. AMPHIBIOUS BUSES Amphibious buses are employed in some locations as a tourist attraction. |
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| "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Scheldt" class="copylinks">Scheldt ( Netherlands , 1944) |
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