Roasted Chicory roots were used for the same purpose, starting during the Napoleonic Era in France (and still is a moderately popular additive there for cheaper coffee)
Roasted ground Pea s, Bean s, or Wheat used to adulterate roasted chicory
Rye flour, Corn Meal or PotatoStarch used to dilute more expensive Flour s; Alum is also added to disguise usage of lower-quality flour
Apple jellies were substituted for more expensive fruit Jellies , with added colorant and sometimes even little pieces of wood that simulated strawberry seeds
