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TECHNIQUE Modern academic fencing, the "Mensur", is neither a Duel nor a Sport . It is a traditional way of training and educating character and personality, thus, in a Mensur bout, there is neither winner nor loser. The participants, or ''Paukanten'', use specially-developed swords. The so-called ''Mensurschläger'' (or simply ''Schläger''; the plural form is identical to the singular form), exist in two versions. The most common weapon is the "Korbschläger" with a basket-type Hilt (German ''Korb'' or "basket"). In some universities in the eastern part of Germany, the so-called "Glockenschläger" is in use which is equipped with a bell-shaped hilt (German ''Glocke'' or "bell"). These universities are Leipzig , Berlin , Greifswald , Dresden , Tharandt (in the Forestry College which is now part of Technische Universität Dresden), Halle On The Saale , Frankfurt/Oder , and Freiberg . In Jena both "Korbschläger" and "Glockenschläger" are used. Studentenverbindungen from some western cities use "Glockenschläger" because their tradition had its origin in one of the eastern universities but moved to Western Germany after WW II. Fencers are protected by a Chain Mail shirt, Chain Mail Gauntlet s, padding on the throat and right arm, and steel goggles with a nose guard. They fence at arm's length and stand more or less in one place, while attempting to hit the unprotected areas of their opponent's face and head. Flinching or dodging is not allowed; the goal being less to avoid injury than to endure it stoically. A doctor is generally present to attend to injuries and stop the fight if necessary. The scar resulting from a hit is called a ''Schmiss'' ( German for a "smite") which was seen as a badge of honour especially in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Today it is not easy for an outsider to identify Mensur scars in the face of a conversation partner due to better medical treatment. HISTORY student of about 1700]] Starting in Spain at the end of the 15th century, the dueling sword became a regular part of the attire of noblemen throughout Europe. In the Holy Roman Empire this became usual among students as well. Brawling and fighting was a regular occupation of students in the German speaking areas during the Early Modern Period . In line with developments in the aristocracy and the military, regulated duels were introduced to the academic environment as well. The basis of this was the conviction that being a student meant being something different from the rest of the population. Students wore special clothes, developed special kinds of festivities, sang student songs, and fought duels, sometimes spontaneously (so called ''rencontre'', French "meeting" or "combat"), sometimes according to strict regulations called ''comment'' (French "how"). The weapons used were the same as those employed in civilian Dueling , being at first the Rapier and later the Smallsword (court sword, dress sword, French ''L'épée de cour'', German ''Kostümdegen'', ''Galanteriedegen'') which was seen as part of the dress and always at hand as a Side Arm . Student life was quite unsafe in these years, especially in the 16th and 17th century during the Reformation wars and the Thirty Year War (1618-1648) when a major part of the German population was killed. Public life was brutal and students killing each other in the street was not uncommon. , 1725]] A major step towards civilization was the introduction of the "regulated" Duel of which the first recordings exist from the 17th century. The fight was not decided on the spot but the time and location were appointed and negotiations were done by officials. A so-called ''Kartellträger'' did the arrangements and a ''second'' represented the interests of the fighter during the duel and could even give physical protection from illegal actions. A kind of referee was present to make decisions and eventually the practice of having an attending doctor became normal so as to give medical help in case of an injury. At the end of the 18th century (after the French Revolution ), wearing of weapons in everyday life fell out of fashion and was more and more forbidden, even for students. This certainly reduced the number of spontaneous duels dramatically. The regulated duel remained in use although it continued to be forbidden. The Foil was invented in France as a training weapon in the middle of the 18th century in order to practise fast and elegant thrust fencing. Fencers blunted the point by wrapping a foil around the blade or fastening a knob on the point ("blossom", French ''fleuret''). In addition to practising, some fencers took away the protection and used the sharp foil for duels. German students took up that practise and developed the ''Pariser'' ("Parisian") thrusting small sword for the ''Stoßmensur'' ("thrusting mensur"). After the dress sword was abolished, the ''Pariser'' became the only weapon for academic thrust fencing in Germany. ]] Since fencing on thrust with a sharp point is quite dangerous, many students died from their lungs being pierced (''Lungenfuchser'') which made breathing difficult or impossible. However, the counter movement had already started in Göttingen in the 1760s. Here the ''Göttinger Hieber'' was invented, the predecessor of the modern ''Korbschläger'', a new weapon for cut fencing. In the following years, the ''Glockenschläger'' was invented in East German universities for cut fencing as well. in 1831]] Thrust fencing (using ''Pariser'') and cut fencing using ''Korbschläger'' or ''Glockenschläger'') existed in parallel in Germany during the first decades of the 19th century - with local preferences. So thrust fencing was especially popular in Jena , Erlangen , Würzburg and Ingolstadt / Landshut , two towns where the predecessors of Munich university were located. The last thrust ''Mensur'' is recorded to have taken place in Würzburg in 1860. Until the first half of the 19th century all types of academic fencing can be seen as duels, since all fencing with sharp weapons was about honour. No combat with sharp blades took place without a formal insult. Compared to pistol duels, these events were quite harmless. The fight was regularly ended when an injury occurred which caused a wound with a length of at least one inch and with at least one drop of blood coming out from it. It was not uncommon that students fought approximately 10 to 30 duels of that kind during their university years. For duels with non-students, e.g. military officers, the ''academic sabre'' became usual, apparently derived from the military Sabre . It was a heavy weapon with a curved blade and a hilt similar to the ''Korbschläger''. During the first half of the 19th century, students believed that the character of a person could easily be judged by watching him fight with sharp blades under strict regulations. Academic fencing was more and more seen as a kind of personality training by showing countenance and fairness even in dangerous situations. Student corporations demanded that their members fight at least one duel with sharp blades during their university time. The problem was that some peaceful students had nobody to offend them. The solution was a kind of formal insult which did not actually infringe honour but was just seen as a challenge for fencing. The standard wording was ''dummer Junge'' (German for "silly boy"). In the long term, this solution was unsatisfying. It was around 1850 that the ''Bestimmungsmensur'' (German ''bestimmen'' means "ascertain", "define" or "determine") was developed and introduced throughout Germany. This meant that the opponents of a ''Mensur'' were determined by the fencing official of their corporations. These officials were regularly vice-chairmen (''Consenior'') and responsible for arranging ''Mensur'' bouts in cooperation with their colleagues from other corporations. Their objective was to find opponents of equal physical and fencing capabilities in order to make the event challenging for both participants. That is the way it is still done today. That is the concept of the ''Mensur'' in the modern sense of the word. Before the Communist Revolution in Russia and before World War II , academic fencing was known in most countries of Eastern Europe as well. Academic fencing in Germany was temporarily abolished, along with the ''Studentenverbindungen'' , during the Third Reich , but it is still practised by hundreds of traditional ''Studentenverbindung'' corporations. EXTERNAL LINKS
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