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The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the '''UVF''') is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland , which has recently moved away from violence. The current incarnation was formed in May 1966 as a Paramilitary group and named after the Ulster Volunteers of 1912 , although there is no direct connection between the two. The group is a Proscribed organisation and classified as a terrorist group in Republic Of Ireland , the United Kingdom and the United States . Origins The group was concentrated around barman in June 1966. This attack led to the first leader of the group, Augustus 'Gusty' Spence , being arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommended minimum sentence of twenty years.1 The declaration of war was made despite the fact that the IRA had exhausted itself during their failed Border Campaign of attacks on British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) members in Northern Ireland that ended in 1962. The UVF was also responsible for a series of attacks on utilities installations in Northern Ireland during 1969. It was hoped that this campaign would be blamed on the IRA forcing moderate unionists to increase their opposition to the tentative reforms of , another loyalist paramilitary organisation. Membership of these groups overlapped in some cases. The 1970s As the violence in Northern Ireland began to escalate in the early 1970s the UVF's attacks became more random and lethal. One example of this is the '' (a group of UVF men based on the Shankill Road in Belfast) carried out a grisly series of sectarian murders of Catholic civilians. The victims were beaten and tortured before being killed. Another UVF group was responsible, allegedly with help from former and serving members of the Ulster Defence Regiment and MI5 , for the Bombs in Dublin and Monaghan of 17 May 1974 when thirty-three people were killed. The UVF was also to blame for the deaths of twelve civilians in an attack on 2 October 1974 . The organisation carried out further attacks throughout the 1970s. These included the " Miami Showband Killings " of 31 July 1975 — when three members of a Showband from the Republic of Ireland were killed having been stopped at a fake British Army checkpoint on the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic Of Ireland . Two members of the group survived the attack and later testified against those responsible. Two UVF members were accidentally killed by their own bomb while carrying out this attack. Two of those later convicted (James McDowell and Thomas Crozier) were also members of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), a part-time, locally recruited regiment of the British Army . The group had been proscribed in July 1966, but this ban was lifted in April 1974 in an effort to bring the UVF into the democratic process. A political wing was formed in June 1974, the 1975 and two days later twenty-six suspected UVF members were arrested in a series of raids. The men were tried and in March 1977 were sentenced to an average of twenty-five years each. Campaign in the 1980s and 1990s In the 1980s, the UVF was greatly reduced by a series of police Informer s. The damage from security service informers started in 1983 with Supergrass Joseph Bennett 's information which led to the arrest of fourteen senior figures. In 1984, they attempted to kill the northern editor of the '' Sunday World '', Jim Campbell. By the mid 1980s, a Loyalist paramilitary-style organisation called Ulster Resistance was formed on 10 November 1986 by Ian Paisley , then leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Peter Robinson of the DUP, and Ivan Foster. The initial aim of Ulster Resistance was to bring an end to the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Ulster Resistance was successful in importing arms into Northern Ireland. The weapons were Palestine Liberation Organisation arms captured by the Israelis, sold to Armscor, the South African state-owned company which, in defiance of the 1977 United Nations arms embargo, set about making South Africa self-sufficient in military hardware. The arms were divided between the UDA, the UVF and Ulster Resistance. The arms are thought to have consisted of:
The UVF used this new infusion of arms to escalate their campaign of sectarian assassinations. Browning pistol and RGD5 grenades were used in Micheal Stone's attack on the funeral of IRA members killed in Gibraltar (along with a Ruger .357 pistol taken from the RUC) — see Milltown Cemetery Attack . While this era saw a more widespread targeting on the UVF's part of IRA and Sinn Féin members, most of their victims continued to be Catholic civilians uninvolved in paramilitary activity. IRA assassination campaign ''(see article on PIRA And Loyalist Paramilitaries )'' From the late 1980s onwards, the UVF began attacking republican paramilitaries, political activists and their families. The IRA responded by assassinating Loyalist leaders, including John Bingham , Trevor King , Leslie Dallas and Robert Seymore of the UVFEd Moloney, Secret History of the IRA, p.321, Brendan O'Brien, The Long War, p314. According to the Conflict Archive On The Internet (CAIN), the IRA killed thirty-five loyalists, of whom eleven were UVF members, in this way http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/book/index.html#append. The cycle of killings between the rival paramilitary groups was not brought to an end until the ceasefires of 1994. 1994 ceasefire In 1990 the UVF joined the Combined Loyalist Military Command and indicated its acceptance of moves towards peace. However, the year leading up to the loyalist ceasefire, which took place shortly after the Provisional IRA ceasefire, saw some of the worst sectarian killings carried out by loyalists during The Troubles . On 16 June 1994 , UVF members machine-gunned a pub in Loughlinisland, County Down on the basis that its customers were watching the Republic Of Ireland National Football Team playing in the World Cup on television and were therefore assumed to be Catholics. The gunmen shot dead six people and injured five. The UVF agreed to a ceasefire in October 1994. The PIRA for their part refute this claim, saying that it was in fact their own assassination campaign against the UVF and Ulster Defence Association , which led to both organizations calling their own respective ceasefires. Recent developments More militant members of the UVF, led by Billy Wright who disagreed with the ceasefire, broke away in 1996 to form the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). The UVF has been fighting with the LVF since then and in mid 2000 they also clashed with the largest loyalist group, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). The clash with the UDA ended in December following seven deaths. Veteran anti-UVF campaigner, Protestant Raymond McCord (whose son was beaten to death by UVF men in 1997) estimates the UVF has killed more than thirty people since its 1994 ceasefire, most of them Protestants. The feud between the UVF and the LVF erupted again in the summer of 2005. The UVF killed four men in Belfast and the feud ended in October 2005 when the LVF announced that it was disbanding. BBC News On 14 September 2005 , following serious loyalist rioting during which dozens of shots were fired at riot police, the Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain announced that the British Government no longer recognised the UVF ceasefire. BBC News UVF renounced "violence" and declared it was putting its arms "beyond reach" on 3 May 2007 , though without as yet going as far as formally disarming itself, in the latest sign of progress towards peace ahead of the revival of self-rule in Northern Ireland , which restarted on 8 May 2007 . The Daily Telegraph DRUG DEALING ACTIVITY The UVF state they are against drug dealing, and will deal justice to drug dealers. The UVF like the IRA has put a series of anti-drugs posters up on the estates they run to warn the dealers that they aren't welcome. {Link without Title} The UVF have been implicated in drug dealing in areas where they draw their support from. Recently it has emerged from the Police Ombudsman that senior North Belfast UVF member and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) Special Branch informant Mark Haddock has been involved in drug dealing. According to the '' Belfast Telegraph '', "...70 separate police intelligence reports implicating the north Belfast UVF man in dealing cannabis, Ecstasy, amphetamines and cocaine." {Link without Title} STRENGTH AND SUPPORT The strength of the UVF is uncertain. It peaked in the early , with its sporadic bombing efforts being made using stolen quarrying Explosives . Affiliated organisations
DEATHS AS A RESULT OF ACTIVITY The UVF has killed more people than any other loyalist paramilitary organisation. According to the , between 1969 and 2001: :350 of its victims were civilians, :8 were civilian political activists, mainly members of Sinn Féin :41 were loyalist paramilitaries (including 29 members of the UVF itself), :6 were British Army, Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) or Prison Officers and :12 were Republican paramilitaries. CEASEFIRE AND DECOMMISSIONING OF WEAPONRY On 12 February 2006 , '' The Observer '' reported that the UVF was to disband by the end of 2006. The newspaper also reported that the group refused to decommission its weapons. The Observer On 2 September 2006 , '' BBC '' News reported the UVF may be intending to re-enter dialogue with the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, with a view to decommissioning of their weapons. This move comes as the organisation holds high level discussions about their future. BBC News On 3 May 2007 , following recent negotiations between the PUP and Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and with Police Service Of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde , the UVF made a statement that they would transform to a "non-military, civilianised" organisation. UVF Statement This was to take effect from midnight. They also stated that they would retain their weaponry but put them beyond reach of normal volunteers. Their weapons stock-piles are to be retained under the watch of the UVF leadership. RTE News - Statement Imminent BBC News - Statement Imminent BBC News - Statement Released FOOTNOTES SEE ALSO
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