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The U.S. resident population includes the total number of people in the 50 states and the District Of Columbia . The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ; its population was 3,808,610, an 8.1% increase over the number from a decade earlier. POPULATION PROFILE : ''See also Race .'' In an introduction to a more detailed population profile (see References Below ), the Census Bureau highlighted the following facts about U.S population dynamics:
CHANGES IN POPULATION Regionally, the South and West picked up the bulk of the nation's population increase, 14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the Mean Center Of U.S. Population moved to Phelps County, Missouri . The Northeast grew by 2,785,149; the Midwest , by 4,724,144. REAPPORTIONMENT The results of the census are used to determine how many Congressional District s each state is Apportioned . Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U.S. Code, to reapportion among the states the 435 seats in the United States House Of Representatives . The apportionment population consists of the resident population of the fifty states, plus the overseas military and federal civilian employees and their dependents living with them who could be allocated to a state. Each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S. House of Representatives. Since the 1790 Census , the first census, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." In 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, and in 1911 the Number Of Representatives was fixed at 435. Today, each member represents about 19 times as many constituents. ADJUSTMENT CONTROVERSY In the years leading up to the 2000 census, there was substantial controversy over whether the Bureau should adjust census figures based on a follow-up survey, called the post-enumeration survey, of a sample of blocks. (In 1999, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Constitution prohibits the use of such figures for apportionment purposes, but it may be permissible for other purposes where feasible.) The controversy was partly technical, but also partly political, since based on data from the 1990 census both parties believed that adjustment would likely have the effect, after redistricting, of slightly increasing Democratic representation in legislative bodies. (See here and here for background.) Following the census, discrepancies between the adjusted census figures and demographic estimates of population change could not be resolved in time to meet legal deadlines for the provision of redistricting data, and the Census Bureau therefore recommended that the unadjusted results be used for this purpose. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce (the official in charge of making the determination). UTAH CONTROVERSY The strongest disputation of the apportionment results came from the state of Utah , which challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth congressional seat. The Census Bureau counted members of the military serving abroad as residents of their home state, but did not count people from Utah traveling abroad as religious missionaries as residents. If this policy were changed, then Utah would have received an additional seat at the expense of North Carolina . After losing a lawsuit over this matter, the state of Utah then filed another lawsuit alleging that the statistical methods used in computing the state populations were improper and cost Utah the seat. This case made it to the Supreme Court, but Utah was again defeated. GAY AND LESBIAN CONTROVERSY The census forms did not include a single question regarding sexual preference, making it impossible to compile data comparing heterosexual and homosexual populations. However, two questions ''were'' asked that allowed same-sex partnerships to be counted. The questionnaires asked the sex of each person in a household and they asked what the relationship was between each of the members of the household. Respondees could check "Husband/wife" or "unmarried partner" or a number of other relationships. Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire Census 2000 Short Form Questionnaire Responses were tabulated and the Census Bureau reported that there were more than 658,000 same-sex couples heading households in the United States. Unfortunately, only about 25% of gay men and 40% of lesbians are in shared-household partnerships at any one time, according to non-Census surveys. Gay and Lesbian Demographics For every same-sex couple tallied in the census, there could be six more homosexual un-partnered individuals who wouldn't be counted as gay. The Census reported that same-sex male couples numbered 336,001 and female same-sex couples numbered 329,522. US Census unmarried couple data listed by state Extrapolating from those figures and the surveyed partnering habits of homosexuals, approximately 4.3 million homosexual adults could have been living in the U.S. in 2000. The exact number can't be known because the Census didn't count them specifically. Bisexual and transgendered populations weren't counted, either, as there were no questions regarding this information. Missing, too, are data from additional couples living under the same roof as the first. The lack of accurate numbers makes it difficult for lawmakers who are considering legislation on hate crimes or social services for gay families with children. The Washington Post, March 12, 2000. Be Counted In Census, Groups Urge Gay Live-Ins It also makes for less accuracy when predicting the fertility of a population. Unbinding the Ties: Edit Effects of Marital Status on Same Gender Couples Another issue that concerned gay rights advocates involved the automatic changing of data during the tabulation process. This automatic software data compiling method, called passed in 1996. The Act states: In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word 'marriage' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word 'spouse' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife. Note that the Gender-neutral word 'spouse' did not appear on the 2000 Census questionnaires. Census 2000 Questionnaires With allocation moving married same-sex couples to the unmarried partner category, statisticians lost any data that could have been extracted relating to the social stability of a same gender couple who identify themselves as married. Unbinding the Ties: Edit Effects of Marital Status on Same Gender Couples EXTERNAL LINKS AND REFERENCES United States Census Bureau web pages
Other 2000 census websites
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