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Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (, 1898 – November 20 , 1976 ) was a Biologist and Agronomist who was dictator of Soviet biology under Joseph Stalin . Lysenko rejected Mendelian Genetics in favor of the Hybrid ization theories of Russian Horticulturist Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin , and adopted them into a powerful political scientific movement termed Lysenkoism . His unorthodox experimental research in improved crop yields earned the support of Soviet leadership, especially following the famine and loss of productivity resulting from Forced Collectivization in several regions of the Soviet Union in the early 1930s. In 1940 he became director of the Institute of Genetics within the USSR's Academy Of Sciences , and Lysenko's anti-Mendelian doctrines were further secured in Soviet science and education by the exercise of political influence and power. Scientific dissent from Lysenko's theories of Environmentally Acquired Inheritance was formally outlawed in 1948, and for the next several years opponents were purged from held positions, and many imprisoned. Lysenko's work was officially discredited in the Soviet Union in 1964, leading to a renewed emphasis there to re-institute Mendelian genetics and orthodox science. Though Lysenko remained at his post in the Institute of Genetics until 1965,"Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 4 July 2007 {Link without Title} his influence on Soviet agricultural practice declined by the 1950s. The Soviet Union quietly abandoned Lysenko's agricultural practices in favor of modern American agricultural practices after the crop yields he promised failed to materialize. Today much of Lysenko's agricultural experimentation and research is largely viewed as fraudulent. EARLY RISE Lysenko, the son of Denis and Oksana Lysenko, came from a peasant family in Ukraine and attended the Kiev Agricultural Institute . In 1927, at 29 years of age and working at an agricultural experiment station in Azerbaijan , he was credited by the Soviet newspaper '' Pravda '' with having discovered a method to fertilize fields without using fertilizers or minerals, and with having proved that a winter crop of Pea s could be grown in Azerbaijan, "turning the barren fields of the Transcaucasus green in winter, so that cattle will not perish from poor feeding, and the peasant Turk will live through the winter without trembling for tomorrow." In succeeding years, however, further attempts to grow the peas were unsuccessful. in 1935. At the back (left to right) are Stanislav Kosior , Anastas Mikoyan , Andrei Andreev and the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin ]] Similar Soviet media reports heralding Lysenko's further discoveries in agriculture continued from 1927 until 1964 —reports of amazing (and seemingly impossible) successes, each one replaced with new success claims as earlier ones failed. Few of the successes attributed to Lysenko could be duplicated. Nevertheless, with the media's help, Lysenko enjoyed the popular image of the "barefoot scientist"—the embodiment of the mythic Soviet peasant genius. In the early 1930s the Soviet's Communist party personnel undertook a policy to rapidly promote members of the Proletariat into leadership positions in agriculture, science and industry. Party officials were looking for promising candidates with backgrounds similar to Lysenko's: born of a peasant family, without formal academic training or affiliations to the academic community. By the late 1920s, the Soviet political bosses had given their support to Lysenko. Lysenko's theories were grounded in , genetics and evolutionary theory. Central to Lysenko's tenets was the concept of the Inheritability Of Acquired Characteristics . In 1932 Lysenko was given his own journal, ''The Bulletin of Vernalization'', and it became the main outlet for touting emerging developments of Lysenkoist research.Nikolai Krementsov, ''Stalinist Science'', Princeton University Press 1997 One of the most celebrated of the earliest agricultural applications developed by Lysenko was a process of increasing the success of wheat crops by soaking the grain and storing the wet seed in snow to refrigerate over the winter (" Vernalization "). Though his work was scientifically unsound on a number of levels, Lysenko's claims delighted Soviet journalists and agricultural officials, who were impressed by its promise to minimize the resources spent in theoretical scientific laboratory work. The Soviet political leadership had come to view orthodox science as offering empty promises, as unproductive in meeting the challenges and needs of the Communist state. Lysenko was viewed as someone who could deliver practical methods more rapidly, and with superior results.David Joravsky, ''The Lysenko Affair'', University Of Chicago Press 1986. Lysenko himself spent much time denouncing academic scientists and Genetic ists, claiming that their isolated laboratory work was not helping the Soviet people. By 1929 Lysenko's skeptics were politically censured, accused of offering only criticisms, and for failing to prescribe any new solutions themselves. In December 1929, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gave a famous speech praising "practice" above "theory", elevating the political bosses above the scientists and technical specialists. Though for a period the Soviet government under Stalin continued its support of agricultural scientists, after 1935 the balance of power abruptly swung towards Lysenko and his followers. Lysenko was put in charge of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union and made responsible for ending the propagation of "harmful" ideas among Soviet scientists. Lysenko served this purpose by causing the expulsion, imprisonment, and death of hundreds of scientists and eliminating all study and research involving Mendelian Genetics throughout the Soviet Union. This period is known as Lysenkoism . He bears particular responsibility for the persecution of his predecessor and rival, prominent Soviet biologist Nikolai Vavilov , which ended in 1943 with the imprisoned Vavilov's death by starvation. AFTER STALIN Following Stalin's death in 1953, Lysenko retained his position, with the support of the new leader Nikita Khrushchev . However, mainstream scientists re-emerged, and found new willingness within Soviet government leadership to tolerate criticism of Lysenko, the first opportunity since the late 1920s. In 1962 three of the most prominent Soviet physicists, Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich , Vitaly Ginzburg , and Pyotr Kapitsa , presented a case against Lysenko, proclaiming his work as false science. They also denounced his use of political power to silence opposition and eliminate his opponents within the scientific community. This occurred during a period of upheaval in governmental institutions of their former Stalinist ideological focus, strictly political precepts which had determined the shape and form of the Soviet Union's scientific community for several decades. In 1964, physicist Andrei Sakharov spoke out against Lysenko in the General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences: : ''He is responsible for the shameful backwardness of Soviet biology and of genetics in particular, for the dissemination of pseudo-scientific views, for adventurism, for the degradation of learning, and for the defamation, firing, arrest, even death, of many genuine scientists.'' {Link without Title} The Soviet press was soon filled with anti-Lysenkoite articles and appeals for the restoration of scientific methods to all fields of biology and agricultural science. Lysenko was removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences and restricted to an experimental farm in Moscow 's Lenin Hills (the Institute itself was soon dissolved). After Khrushchev's dismissal in 1964, the president of the Academy of Sciences declared that Lysenko's immunity to criticism had officially ended. An expert commission was sent to investigate records kept at Lysenko's experimental farm. A few months later, a devastating critique of Lysenko was made public. As a result, Lysenko was immediately disgraced in the Soviet Union, although his work continued to have impact in China for many years after. Lysenko died in 1976. SEE ALSO NOTES REFERENCES
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