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Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide and Jump Racing . Jump racing can be further divided into Hurdling and Steeplechasing . OWNERSHIP AND TRAINING OF RACEHORSES Traditionally racehorses have been owned by a small number of very wealthy individuals. But it has become increasingly common for horses to be owned by syndicates or partnerships. Notable examples include the 2005 Epsom Derby winner Motivator owned by the Royal Ascot Racing Club and Soviet Song, winner of a group 2 race at Royal Ascot in 2006, owned by the Elite Racing Club. A horse runs in the unique colours of its owner. These colours must be registered under the national governing bodies and no two owners may have the same colours. The rights to certain colour arrangements ("cherished colours") are valuable in the same way that distinctive car registration numbers are of value. It is said that Mrs Sue Magnier (owner of George Washington, Galileo etc) paid £50,000 for her distinctive dark blue colours. If an owner has more than one horse running in the same race then some slight variant in colours is oftenly used (normally a different coloured cap). The horse owner typically pays a monthly retainer to his Trainer , together with fees for use of the gallops, vet fees and other expenses such as entry fees and jockey's fees where the services of a professional jockey are retained. The typical cost of owning a horse trained to be run under rules for one year is in the order of £15,000, but of course depending on regional and qualitative differences. The facilities available to trainers vary enormously. Some trainers have only a few horses in the yard and pay to use other trainers' gallops. Other trainers have every conceivable training asset. It is a feature of racing that a modest establishment often holds its own against the bigger players even in a top race. This is particularly true of National Hunt Racing . ORGANISATIONS Ireland In Ireland , racing is governed by the Irish Jockey Club . United Kingdom In the United Kingdom thoroughbred horse racing is governed by the Horseracing Regulatory Authority (the HRA) which makes and enforces the rules, issues licences or permits to trainers and jockeys, and runs the races through their race course officials. The Jockey Club in the UK has been released from its regulatory function but still performs various supporting roles. A significant part of the HRA's work relates to the disciplining of trainers and jockeys, including appeals from decisions made by the course stewards. Disciplinary enquiries usually relate to the running of a horse, for example: failure to run a horse on its merits, interference with other runners, excessive use of the whip. The emergence of internet betting exchanges has created opportunities for the public to lay horses and this development has been associated with some high profile disciplinary proceedings. In order to run under rules a horse must be registered at Weatherbys as a Thoroughbred . It must also reside permanently at the yard of a Trainer licensed by the HRA or a permit holder. Similarly the horse's owner or owners must be registered as owners. United States The Jockey Club is the authority for all Thoroughbred horses in North America , Canada , and Puerto Rico and maintains offices in New York City and Lexington, Kentucky . The Registry maintained by the Club, called the American Stud Book, dates back to the club's founding and contains the descendants of those horses listed, as well as horses imported into North America up to the present. The Jockey Club website explains that "Horse Racing Boards or Racing Commissions - Government-appointed bodies which act on behalf of state, provincial or local governments in the regulation of pari-mutuel horse (or other) racing within their jurisdiction." The Jockey Club: Indstry organization The National Steeplechase Association is the official sanctioning body of American steeplechase horse racing. The National Steeplechase Association TYPES OF RACING See Also: horse racing horseracing in Australia horseracing in the United Kingdom Racing is divided into two codes: Flat Racing and Jump Race s. The most significant races are categorised as Group Races or Graded Stakes Race s. Every governing body is free to set its own standards, so the quality of races may differ. Horses are also run under different conditions, for example Handicap Races , Weight For Age races or Scale-Weight . Some of the most prestigious races in the World, such as the Grand National or Melbourne Cup are run as handicaps. Flat racing See Also: flat racing See Also: Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Flat races can be run under varying distances and on different terms. Historically, the major flat racing countries were Australia, England, France and the United States, but other centres, such as Japan or Dubai, have emerged in recent decades. Some countries and regions have a long tradition as major breeding centers, namely Ireland and Kentucky. In Europe and Australia, virtually all major races are run on turf (grass) courses, while in the United States dirt surfaces (or, lately, artificial surfaces such as Polytrack ) are prevalent. In South America and Asia, both surface types are common. Jump racing See Also: National Hunt racing Steeplechasing Steeplechase racing in Australia Steeplechase racing in the United States Jumping Race s and Steeplechases , called National Hunt racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland, are run over long distances, usually from two miles (3200 m) up to four and a half miles (7200 m), and horses carry more weight. Novice jumping races involve horses that are starting out a jumping career, including horses that previously were trained in flat racing. National Hunt racing is distinguished between hurdles races and chases: the former are run over low obstacles and the latter over larger fences that are much more difficult to jump. National Hunt races are started by flag, which means that horses line up at the start behind a tape. Jump racing is popular in the UK, Ireland, France and parts of Central Europe, but only a minor sport or completely unknown in most other regions of the world. HORSE BREEDING In the world's major Thoroughbred racing countries, breeding of racehorses is a huge industry providing over a million jobs worldwide. While the attention of horseracing fans and the media is focused almost exclusively on the horse's performance on the racetrack or for male horses, possibly its success as a sire, little publicity is given the brood mares. Such is the case of La Troienne , one of the most important mares of the 20th century to whom many of the greatest thoroughbred champions, and dams of champions can be traced. LIST OF TERMS
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