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Thomas Nagel




Thomas Nagel (born 1937) is an American philosopher, currently University Professor and Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University . His main areas of philosophical interest are Philosophy Of Mind , Political Philosophy , and Ethics . He is well-known for his critique of reductionist accounts of the mind in his essay "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?" (1974), and for his contributions to deontological and liberal moral and political theory in ''The Possibility of Altruism'' (1970).


BIOGRAPHY




Thomas Nagel was born July 4, 1937 in Belgrade , Yugoslavia (now Serbia ); his family was Jewish . He received a BA from Cornell University in 1958, a BPhil from Oxford University in 1960 , and a PhD from Harvard University in 1963 under the supervision of John Rawls . Before settling in New York, Nagel taught briefly at the University Of California, Berkeley (from 1963 to 1966) and at Princeton University (from 1966 to 1980). In 2006, he was made a member of the American Philosophical Society .Biographical information from Nagel's CV at NYU (PDF) .

Nagel is a Fellow of the American Academy Of Arts And Sciences and a Fellow of the British Academy , and has held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation , the National Science Foundation , and the National Endowment For The Humanities .From Nagel's faculty page at New York University .


WORK




Much of Nagel's work concerns the tension between objective and subjective perspectives: on reasons for action, on agency, on experience, the mind, and on reality as a whole.

For many years, Nagel has conducted a Seminar noted for an array of guest speakers with his colleague Ronald Dworkin .


Philosophy of mind

Nagel is probably most widely known within the field of '' (edited by David J. Chalmers ).

In "What is it Like to Be a Bat?", Nagel argues that Consciousness has essential to it a ''subjective character'', a ''what it is like'' aspect. He states that "an organism has conscious mental states if and only if there is something that it is to ''be'' that organism—something it is like ''for'' the organism."Nagel, "What is it Like to Be a Bat?" (1974), p. 436. Nagel also suggests that the subjective aspect of the mind may not ever be sufficiently accounted for by the Objective methods of Reductionistic Science . He claims that " {Link without Title} f we acknowledge that a physical theory of mind must account for the subjective character of experience, we must admit that no presently available conception gives us a clue how this could be done."Ibid., p. 445. Furthermore, he states that "it seems unlikely that any physical theory of mind can be contemplated until more thought has been given to the general problem of subjective and objective."Ibid., p. 450.

While Nagel is sometimes categorized as a Dualist for these sorts of remarks, he is more precisely categorized as an anti-reductionist. Nagel (1998) writes:


Ethics



In ethics, Nagel is known for his contributions to deontological (non-consequentialist) ethics and liberal political theory. In ''The Possibility of Altruism'' (1970), Nagel defends Altruism . In a Neo-Kantian vein, he argues that people can have good reason to commit acts that benefit another without the expectation of benefit for oneself and without being motivated by factors such as sympathy.

Along with Bernard Williams , he has also contributed much to the early development of the problem of Moral Luck , detailing its various aspects, and analyzing its impact on ethics and moral evaluation.


SELECTED PUBLICATIONS



Books

  • ''The Possibility of Altruism'' (1970), Oxford University Press. (Reprinted in 1978, Princeton University Press.)

  • ''Mortal Questions'' (1979), Cambridge University Press.

  • ''The View from Nowhere'' (1986), Oxford University Press.

  • ''What Does It All Mean?: A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy'' (1987), Oxford University Press.

  • ''Equality and Partiality'' (1991), Oxford University Press.

  • ''Other Minds: Critical Essays, 1969-1994'' (1995), Oxford University Press.

  • ''The Last Word'' (1997), Oxford University Press.

  • ''The Myth of Ownership: Taxes and Justice'' (2002), (with Liam Murphy) Oxford University Press.

  • ''Concealment and Exposure and Other Essays'' (2002), Oxford University Press.



Articles


  • 1959, "Hobbes's Concept of Obligation", ''Philosophical Review'', pp. 68-83.


  • 1959, "Dreaming", ''Analysis'', pp. 112-6.


  • 1965, "Physicalism", ''Philosophical Review'', pp. 339-56.


  • 1969, "Sexual Perversion", ''Journal of Philosophy'', pp. 5-17.


  • 1969, "The Boundaries of Inner Space", ''Journal of Philosophy'', pp. 452-8.


  • 1970, "Death", ''Nous'', pp. 73-80.


  • 1970, "Armstrong on the Mind", ''Philosophical Review'', pp. 394-403 (a discussion review of ''A Materialist Theory of the Mind'' by D. M. Armstrong ).


  • 1971, "Brain Bisection and the Unity of Consciousness", ''Synthese'', pp. 396-413.


  • 1971, "The Absurd", ''Journal of Philosophy'', pp. 716-27.


  • 1972, "War and Massacre", ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', vol. 1, pp. 123-44.


  • 1973, "Rawls on Justice", ''Philosophical Review'', pp. 220-34 (a discussion review of '' A Theory Of Justice '' by John Rawls).


  • 1973, "Equal Treatment and Compensatory Discrimination", ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', vol. 2, pp. 348-62.


  • 1974, "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?", ''Philosophical Review'', pp. 435-50. Online text


  • 1976, "Moral Luck", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary vol. 50, pp. 137-55.


  • 1979, "The Meaning of Equality", ''Washington University Law Quarterly'', pp. 25-31.


  • 1981, "Tactical Nuclear Weapons and the Ethics of Conflict", ''Parameters: Journal of the U.S. Army War College'', pp. 327-8.


  • 1983, "The Objective Self", in Carl Ginet and Sydney Shoemaker (eds.), ''Knowledge and Mind'', Oxford University Press, pp. 211-232.


  • 1987, "Moral Conflict and Political Legitimacy", ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', pp. 215-240.


  • 1994, "Consciousness and Objective Reality", in R. Warner and T. Szubka (eds.), ''The Mind-Body Problem'', Blackwell.


  • 1995, "Personal Rights and Public Space", ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 83-107.


  • 1997, "Assisted Suicide: The Philosophers' Brief" (with R. Dworkin, R. Nozick, J. Rawls, T. Scanlon, and J. J. Thomson), ''New York Review of Books'', March 27, 1997.


  • 1998, "Reductionism and Antireductionism", in ''The Limits of Reductionism in Biology'', Novartis Symposium 213, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 3-10.


  • 1998, "Concealment and Exposure", ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 3-30. Online text


  • 1998, "Conceiving the Impossible and the Mind-Body Problem", ''Philosophy'', vol. 73, no. 285, pp. 337-352. Online PDF


  • 2000, "The Psychophysical Nexus", in Paul Boghossian and Christopher Peacocke (eds.) ''New Essays on the A Priori'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 432-471. Online PDF


  • 2003, "Rawls and Liberalism", in Samuel Freeman (ed.) ''The Cambridge Companion to Rawls'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 62-85.


  • 2003, "John Rawls and Affirmative Action", ''The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education'', no. 39, pp. 82-4.



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