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Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central point, and whether the network master control has the technical and administrative capability to take over the programming of their affiliates in real-time when it deems this necessary—the most common example being breaking national news events. In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated content from all their stations and where most individual stations are therefore nothing more than large "repeater stations", the terms ''television network'', ''television channel'' and ''television station'' have become interchangeable in everyday language, with only professionals in TV-related occupations continuing to make a difference between them, if one was ever made. This applies to the United Kingdom , Australia , Japan , South Korea and most other countries outside Northern America . However, in North America in particular, many television channels available via Cable and Satellite Television are branded as "networks" but are not truly networks in the sense defined above, as they are singular operations – they have no affiliates or component stations. Such channels are more precisely referred to by terms such as " Specialty Channel s" (Canada) or " Cable Network s" (U.S.), although the latter term is somewhat of a misnomer (however, it may be judged otherwise because cable channels are networked across the country by various cable and satellite systems). In the U.S., television networks are simply identified as "networks" (such as ABC , CBS or NBC ), while the local stations are identified by the station's call sign and city of license. In Europe and much of Asia, Africa and South America, television networks are often more or less numbered (for example, Britain's BBC One , BBC Two , ITV1 , Channel 4 and Five etc, or the Netherlands' Nederland 1 , Nederland 2 , Nederland 3 . In Australia, television networks are identified by the channel number in the capital cities (such as Seven , Nine or Ten ). HISTORY NBC set up the first permanent coast-to-coast radio network in the United States by 1928, using dedicated telephone line technology. But the signal from an electronic television system, containing much more information than a radio signal, required a Broadband transmission medium. Transmission by a nationwide series of radio relay towers would be possible but extremely expensive. Researchers at the and Munich . AT&T laid the first gave demonstrations of the New York-Philadelphia television link in 1940-1941. AT&T used the coaxial link to transmit the Republican national convention in June 1940 from Philadelphia to New York City, where it was televised to a few hundred receivers over the NBC station. GOP Convention of 1940 in Philadelphia , UShistory.org. NBC had earlier demonstrated an inter-city television broadcast on February 1 , 1940 , from its station in New York City to another in Schenectady, New York by General Electric relay antennas, and began transmitting some programs on an irregular basis to Philadelphia and Schenectady in 1941. Wartime priorities suspended the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 1, 1942 to October 1, 1945, temporarily shutting down expansion of television networking. However, in 1944 a short film, " Patrolling The Ether ", was broadcast simultaneously over three stations as an experiment. AT&T made its first postwar addition in February 1946, with the completion of a 225-mile (362 km) cable between New York City and '', July 7, 1947. Baltimore and Boston were added to the NBC television network in late 1947. In the 1950s the networks stretched coast to coast, carried on the new Microwave Radio Relay network of AT&T Long Lines . FCC regulations in the United States restricted the number of television stations that could be owned by any one network, company or individual. This led to a system where most local television stations were independently owned, but received programming from the network through a Franchising contract, except in a few big cities that had network Owned-and-operated Station s. In the early days of television, when there were often only one or two stations broadcasting in an area, the stations were usually affiliated with several networks and were able to choose which programs to air. Eventually, as more stations were licensed, it became common for each station to be Affiliate d with only one network and carry all of the "prime time" network programs. Another FCC regulation, the Prime Time Access Rule , restricted the number of hours of network programming that could be broadcast on the local affiliate stations. This was done to encourage the development of locally produced programs and to give local residents access to broadcast time. More often, the result included a substantial amount of syndicated programming, usually consisting of old movies, independently produced and Syndicated Shows , and reruns of network programs. Occasionally, these shows were presented by a local host, especially in programs that showed cartoons and short comedies intended for children. See List Of Local Children's Television Series (United States) . REFERENCES SEE ALSO |
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