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Tambura]] The tambura is a type of Stringed Instrument found in different versions in different places around the world; most are plucked Lutes . BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA, AND SERBIA See Also: Tamburitza The tradition of playing the tambura has lasted for centuries in Croatia and Serbia. Until the Great Migration of the Serbs at the end of the 17th century the type of tambura most frequently used had a long neck and two or three strings (sometimes doubled). The tambura played is Vlada Simić is his own handiwork, and resulted from the collective experience of playing various string instruments (tambura, Saz , Sargija , çiftelia , Bouzouki , Lute and Oud ). The movable neck frets are arranged so as to allow the playing of modes according to Pythagoras’ theory of intervals. The body of the instrument is made of gourd, from which gusle, pipes, rattles and household objects can also be made. In Bosnia And Herzegovina , Croatia , and Serbia , especially their Pannonian parts Slavonia and Vojvodina , tambura (often referred to by the Diminutive ''tamburica'') are the basic instruments for traditional Folk Music . This is usually performed by small Orchestras of three to ten members, but large orchestras capable of playing even Classical pieces arranged for tambura also exist. An example of one such orchestra is MŠTO in Canada. There are several types of tambura, with three to four strings. The basic forms are ''samica'' (three double strings), ''bisernica'' (two double strings and two single strings; four tones), ''prim'' (one double string and three single strings; four tones), ''bas-prim'' or ''brač'' (two double strings and two single strings; four tones), ''čelović'' (two double strings and two single strings; four tones), ''čelo'' (four strings), ''bas'' or ''berda'' (four strings), and ''bugarija'' or ''kontra'' (two double strings and one single string; three tones). The names of the instruments and method of playing them depends on the Tuning of the strings. BULGARIA The . Actually this one is something between Mandolin and Baglama - its higher pitch and strong, sharp sound are perfect for solos, but the instrument is not very common since it does not really sound too good if played alone. All the members of the tamburas family have no ribs. The body is normally made of single piece hardwood and is pear-shaped, but also there are old examples of luteback tamburas made with the technique of bending and gluing thin pieces of wood together. The Bulgarian tambura is played in two ways. As an accompaniment instrument it is tuned similarly to the first four strings of a guitar and played as such. As a melody instrument it is tuned in Fifth s, with the strings that are not being played for melody sounding as drones. :See also Music Of Bulgaria .
INDIA A tambura (South India) or tanpura (North India) is a long-necked India n Lute , unfretted and round-bodied. The neck is hollow, and it has four or five (rarely, six) wire strings, which are plucked one after another in a regular pattern to create a tonic resonance field (bourdon or drone function) The name 'tanpura' is probably derived from ''tana'', referring to a musical phrase, and ''pura'' which means "full" or "complete". The special overtone-rich sound is achieved by applying the principle of Jivari which creates a sustained, "buzzing" sound in which particular harmonics will resonate with focused clarity. Every string emits a wide spectrum of sound. 'Jiva' refers to 'soul', one has to 'animate' the tone seems what is implied here. The principle of jivari can be likened to the prismatic refraction of white light into the colours of the rainbow, it is its acoustic twin. To achieve this effect, the strings pass over a wide, arched bridge-piece, the front of the bridge sloping gently away from under the strings. When the string is plucked vertically, it will have an intermittent contact with the bridge at a point close to the front edge. This intermittent, grazing contact is not static, as the contactpoint will gradually shift, being a function of amplitude. Right after the pluck amplitude is maximal and as it gradually decays the contactpoint with the bridge creeps up the slope of the bridge toward point zero when the energy has run out of the tone. This dynamic sonic process can be fine-tuned using a cotton thread between string and bridge. By shifting the thread minutely the grazing contact is also shifted to a different position on the bridge, thus changing the harmonic content a bit. This way tanpura's are most attentively tuned to achieve a particular tonal shade in function of the qualities of the raga. Tanpura's come in different sizes: bigger "males" and smaller "females". Male vocalists pitch their tonic note (Sa) to about C#, female singers usually a fifth higher. The male instrument has an open string length of one metre, the female is sized down to 3/4. The standard Tuning is 5881, sol do' do' do, or in Indian Sargam : PA sa sa SA. For ragas that omit the fifth, the first string will be tuned down to the natural fourth: 4881 or Ma sa sa Sa. Some ragas require a rarer tuning with shuddh NI (semitone below SA) : NI sa sa SA. With a five-string instrument, the seventh or NI (natural minor or major 7th) is added: PA NI sa sa SA (57881). It is designed in three different styles:
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