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The metropolis of London has been occupied for millennia, and has over that time acquired a large number of Subterranean Structure s. Some of the first underground structures were related to rivers and sewerage. As the city developed from a cluster of villages, many of the existing rivers were buried or canalized: see Subterranean Rivers Of London . As the natural rivers failed to be able to carry the Sewage of the growing metropolis, the resulting health crisis led to the creation in the late nineteenth century of the London Sewerage System , designed by Joseph Bazalgette , one of the first sewer systems in the world. The London Underground , which started construction in the same period, was the first Underground Railway in the world, and remains the most extensive. During World War II , parts of the Underground were converted into Air-raid Shelter s known as the Deep-level Shelters . Some of these were converted for military and civil defence use, such as the now-defunct Kingsway Telephone Exchange . There are also a number of Closed London Underground Stations which are no longer accessible to the public. Numerous Tunnels Underneath The River Thames have been created, ranging from foot-tunnels to road tunnels and the tunnels of the Underground. The first of these, the Thames Tunnel , designed by Marc Brunel , was the first tunnel to be built under a river. A number of Underground Military Citadels have been built under London, the most famous of which is the Cabinet War Rooms , used by Winston Churchill during World War II. A number of other Civil Defence Centres In London are wholly or partly underground, mostly as a legacy of the Cold War . Many other subterranean facilities exist within the centre of government in Whitehall , many linked by underground tunnels . Cabinet Office Briefing Room A , the Cabinet Office crisis management facility, is probably the best-known of these facilities. A number of books have been written about these facilities, including '' Beneath The City Streets '' by Peter Laurie and '' War Plan UK '' by Duncan Campbell. London, like most other major cities, also has extensive underground infrastructure for Electricity Distribution , Natural Gas supply, Water Supply , and Telecommunication s, including the BT copper Local Loop s and Optical Fibre from numerous suppliers. The Thames Water Ring Main is a notable modern piece of large-scale water supply infrastructure, comprising 80km of wide-bore water-carrying tunnels. A number of other disused underground systems exist:
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