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Smoking cessation (commonly known as '''quitting''', or '''kicking the habit''') is the effort to stop Smoking Tobacco products. Nicotine is a psychologically and physically addictive substance, and quitting smoking is commonly considered to be difficult. Psychological and pharmacological aids are available to help people quit smoking, although success rates are relatively low. As part of the wider tobacco control movement, there have been numerous Advertising Campaigns , smoking restriction policies, tobacco taxes, and other strategies to encourage people to quit smoking. Tobacco use is a major cause of death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative OUTLINE Smoking cessation services, which offer group or individual therapy can help people who want to quit. Some smoking cessation programs employ a combination of Coaching , Motivational Interviewing , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , and pharmacological counseling. Programmes in the UK are run by the NHS, and use a clear and clinically tested protocol. However evaluation of the NHS programme has shown disappointing outcomes. Trials have shown that an effective method for quitting smoking is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy . For example, the QUIT FOR LIFE Programme ( David Marks , 1993, 2005) has produced quit rates that are 5-6 times higher than quitting by willpower alone (Marks & Sykes, 2002). One effective way to assist smokers who want to quit is through a telephone Quitline which is easily available to all. Professionally run quitlines may help less addicted smokers but those more severely addicted to cigarettes (ie anyone who smokes within half an hour of waking) should seek out their local smoking cessation services, where they exist, or assistance from a knowledgeable health professional, where they do not. Evidence shows that best results are achieved when support and medication are used simultaneously. Quitting with a group of other people who want to quit is a proven method of getting support, available through many organizations. A serious commitment to arresting a dependency upon smoking nicotine is essential. Medication, such as a Nicotine Replacement Therapy product or Wellbutrin (aka Zyban) have been clinically proven to double a quitter's chances of stopping successfully versus placebo. However, critics have drawn attention recently to the risks associated with the administration of nicotine, a poison, to pregnant women and adolescents (Ginzel et. al., 2007). Although a significant proportion are successful, many people fail several times. Many smokers find it difficult to quit, even in the face of serious smoking-related disease in themselves or close family members or friends. Studies have concluded that those who do successfully quit smoking often gain weight. "Weight gain is not likely to negate the health benefits of smoking cessation, but its cosmetic effects may interfere with attempts to quit." (Williamson, Madans et al, 1991) Therefore, drug companies researching smoking-cessation medication often measure the weight of the participants in the study. Tobacco smoking has a Laxative effect, smoking cessation can lead to Constipation . 1 WOMEN AND SMOKING CESSATION Major Depression may influence smoking cessation in women. Quitting smoking is especially difficult during certain phases of the Reproductive Cycle , phases that have also been associated with greater levels of Dysphoria , and subgroups of women who have a high risk of continuing to smoke also have a high risk of developing depression. Since many women who are depressed may be less likely to seek formal cessation treatment, practitioners have a unique opportunity to persuade their patients to quit. The impact of depression on smoking cessation in women. STATISTICS
METHODS Screening Health Professional s may follow the "five A's" with every smoking patient they come in contact with: #Ask about smoking #Advise quitting #Assess current willingness to quit #Assist in the quit attempt #Arrange timely follow-up Modalities CQ patch applied to the right arm]] Effective techniques to increase smokers chances of successfully quitting are:
Alternative techniques Some 'alternative' techniques which have been used for smoking cessation are:
SEE ALSO REFERENCES
Psychology, Health & Medicine, 7, 17-24.
# World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative # Peters MJ, Morgan LC. ''The pharmacotherapy of smoking cessation''. Med J Aust 2002;176:486-490. Fulltext . PMID 12065013. # Williamson, DF, Madans, J, Anda, RF, Kleinman, JC, Giovino, GA, Byers, T Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort N Engl J Med 1991 324: 739-745 # 2 '' Full text '' # Zhu S-H, Anderson CM, Tedeschi GJ, et al. Evidence of real-world effectiveness of a telephone quitline smokers. N Engl J Med 2002;347(14):1087-93. # Helgason AR, Tomson T, Lund KE, Galanti R, Ahnve S, Gilljam H. Factors related to abstinence in a telephone helpline for smoking cessation. European J Public Health 2004: 14;306-310. NOTES EXTERNAL LINKS
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