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The Seljuqs (also '''Seljuq Turks''', '''Seldjuks''', '''Seldjuqs''', '''Seljuks'''; in , ''"Seljuq"'', Online Edition, ( LINK ): ''"... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."''M. Ravandi, ''"The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities"'', in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005), pp. 157-69 EARLY HISTORY Origins Prior to the ninth century, hordes of Turks had crossed the ; UNESCO Publishing , Institute Of Ismaili Studies : ''"... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."'' SELJUK LEADERS Rulers of Seljuk Dynasty 1037-1157 The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkish custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.
''Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Sanjar, the governor of Khurasan from 1097 and the senior member of the family, becomes Great Seljuk sultan
''The Oghuz take control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs'' Seljuk sultans of Hamadan 1118-1194 The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad . Several Turkish emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiduzids .
''Tugrul III killed in battle with the Khwarazmshah , who annexes Hamadan'' Seljuk rulers of Kerman 1041-1187 Kerman was a province in southern Persia.
''Mehmed II overthrown by the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar'' Seljuk rulers in Syria 1076-1117
''To the Artuqids '' Sultan s/ Emir s of Damascus :
''Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin '' Seljuk sultans of Rüm (Anatolia) 1077-1307
''The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ends in the early thirteenth century'' NOTES REFERENCES
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