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The Rugby World Cup is the premier international Rugby Union competition. The event is organised by the sport's governing body, the International Rugby Board (IRB), and is contested by the Men's National Teams . The inaugural tournament was held in 1987, hosted by both Australia and New Zealand , and is now contested every four years. The winners are awarded the , who won the 2003 Tournament held in Australia. The 2007 Rugby World Cup is currently in progress and is being hosted in France during September and October, 2007. FORMAT Qualification See Also: Rugby World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the Second Tournament , where eight of the 16 places were contested in a 24 nation tournament. The Inaugural World Cup in 1987, did not involve any qualifying process; instead, the 16 places were automatically filled by seven eligible International Rugby Football Board (IRFB, now, International Rugby Board) member nations, and the rest by invitation. The current format allows for eight of the 20 available positions to be filled by automatic qualification, as the eight quarter finalists of the previous tournament enter its successor. The remaining 12 positions are filled by Continent al qualifying tournaments. Positions are filled by three teams from the Americas , one from Asia , one from Africa , three from Europe and two from Oceania . Another two places are allocated for Repechage . The first repechage place is determined by a match between the runners-up from the Africa and Europe qualifying tournaments, with that winner then playing the Americas runner-up to determine the place. The second repechage position is determined between the runners-up from the Asia and Oceania qualifiers. Tournament The current model features 20 nations competing over a month in the nation(s). There are two stages, a group and a knock-out. Nations are divided into four pools, A through to D, of five nations each.3 The pool allocation system seeds teams ranked one through to four from the previous tournament into A through D pools respectively. The other four automatic entrants —— the losing quarter-finalists from the previous tournament —— are drawn into pools at random.4 The remaining positions in each pool are filled by the qualifiers. Nations play four pool games, playing their respective pool members once. A Bonus Points System is used during pool play. If two or more teams are level on points, a system of criteria is used to determine the higher rank;5 the sixth and final criterion decides the higher rank through the Official IRB World Rankings. The winner (first position) and runner-up (second position) of each pool enters the knock-out stage. The knock-out stage consists of quarter- and semi-finals, and then the final. The winner of each pool is placed against a runner-up of a different pool in a quarter-final. The winner of each quarter-final goes on to the semi-finals, where the respective winners proceed to the final. Losers of the semi-finals contest for third place (called the 'Bronze Final'). Should a tie result during an event in the knock-out stages, the winner is determined through Extra Time . Should that fail, Sudden Death begins when the next team to score any points is declared with winner; as a last resort, a kicking competition is used. HISTORY See Also: History of the Rugby World Cup Prior to the Rugby World Cup, there had been various competitions that were similar in nature. One of the largest and oldest international rugby union competitions is the Home Nations , first played in 1883 through to 1909 between England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales .6 It became the Five Nations in 1910 when France joined, although they did not participate from 1931 to 1939.7 Rugby union was also played at the Summer Olympics , first appearing at the 1900 Paris Games and subsequently at London In 1908 , Antwerp In 1920 , and Paris Again In 1924 .8 France won the first gold medal, then Australasia, with the last two being won by the United States. However rugby union was soon removed from the Summer Olympic program. The idea of a Rugby World Cup had been suggested on numerous occasions apparently as far back as the 1950s, though the IRFB did not wish for its member unions to get involved in anything like a world championship.9 The idea resurfaced throughout the early 1980s. The Australian Rugby Union (ARU) and the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU) each independently wrote to the IRFB seeking to conduct a World Cup tournament. In 1985 the IRFB approved the inaugural cup, which was to be jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand during May and June of 1987, though the proposition was met with much opposition. The decisive vote to approve the proposal came from the South African delegates, who voted in favor despite knowing that the international sports boycott on their country's apartheid regime would prevent their team from participating in the tournament. during a parade after England defeated Australia in the 2003 final.]] The inaugural tournament was contested in Australia and New Zealand between 16 nations. The All Blacks (New Zealand) became the first ever champions, defeating France 29 points to nine. The subsequent 1991 Tournament was hosted by England , with matches also being played throughout the rest of Britain , Ireland and France . This tournament also saw the abolition of invitation qualification—with a qualifying tournament being introduced which involved 35 nations. Australia won the second tournament, defeating England , 12 points to six. The 1995 Tournament was hosted by South Africa —the nation that originally tipped the vote that saw the first event take place. The tournament was the first that South Africa would actually play in, following the end of the international sports boycott. The tournament had a fairytale ending, as South Africa were crowned champions over the All Blacks, which concluded with then President Nelson Mandela , wearing a Springbok Jersey and matching baseball cap, presenting the trophy to the South Africa's captain Francois Pienaar . The moment is seen as one of the most emotional in the sport's history.10 The tournament in 1999 was hosted by Wales with matches also being held throughout the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. The tournament included a Repechage system, alongside specific regional qualifying places, and an increase from 16 to 20 participating nations. Australia claimed their second title, defeating France in the final. The 2003 Event was hosted by Australia; although it was originally intended to be held jointly with New Zealand. England emerged as champions defeating Australia in extra time. England's win was unique in that it broke the Southern Hemisphere 's domination of the event. Such was the celebration of England's victory, that an estimated 750,000 people gathered in central London to greet the team, making the day the largest sporting celebration of its kind ever in the United Kingdom.11 The 2007 Competition will be held in France, with matches also being held in Wales and Scotland. The 2011 Tournament was awarded to New Zealand in November 2005, ahead of bids from Japan and South Africa. TROPHY See Also: Webb Ellis Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is the prize presented to winners of the Rugby World Cup, named after William Webb Ellis , who is credited with creating the game of Rugby Football . The trophy is also referred to simply as the ''Rugby World Cup''. The trophy was chosen in 1987 as an appropriate cup for use in the competition. The words 'International Rugby Board' and 'The Webb Ellis Cup' are engraved on the face of the cup. It stands at 38 centimetres and is silver gilded in gold, and supported by two cast scroll handles, one handle has a head of a Satyr , and the other has a head of a Nymph .12 The colloquial name of the trophy in Australia is "Bill"—a reference to William Webb Ellis. The trophy is currently kept in the Museum Of Rugby , London . SELECTION OF HOSTS Tournaments are voted on by the IRB member nations and are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd (RWCL).13 This decides what nation(s) will host the tournament, with the voting procedure managed by a team of independent auditors, and the voting kept secret. All the tournaments thus far have been held in nations in which rugby union is a popular sport, this trend continued when New Zealand was awarded the 2011 event ahead of Japan, a traditionally weaker rugby nation in comparison to New Zealand. The allocation of a tournament to a host nation is now made five or six years prior to the commencement of the particular event, as New Zealand were awarded the 2011 event in late 2005.14 The tournament has in the past been hosted by either a single of numerous nation(s). For example the 1987 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand. The IRB requires that a host nation must have a 60,000 (minimum) capacity venue for the final.15 Host nations sometimes construct or upgrade stadia in preparation for the World Cup; such as Millennium Stadium - purpose built for the 1999 Tournament or the upgrade of Eden Park for 2011.16 MEDIA COVERAGE See Also: List of sports attendance figures The tournament is considered to be one of the largest international sporting events in the world, with the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics being paramount to it. The first World Cup, in 1987, had a cumulative world television audience of 300 million; its successor, the 1991 event in England, reached 1.75 billion. South Africa's 1995 tournament reached 2.67 billion, and the 1999 Welsh hosted event reached 3 billion.17 The 2003 tournament had a cumulative world television audience of 3.5 billion,18 and the final, between Australia and England, became the most watched Rugby match in the history of Australian television.19 The event was broadcast in 205 countries.20 The 2003 event had 48 matches, with an average attendance of 38,282 and a total of 1,837,547.21 RESULTS Tournaments Performance of nations See Also: National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup In total, 23 nations have participated at the Rugby World Cup (excluding qualifying tournaments). Out of the five tournaments that have been held, all but one have been won by a Southern Hemisphere nation. The All Blacks won the inaugural World Cup in 1987, with Australia winning in 1991, South Africa in 1995 and then Australia again in 1999. The Southern hemisphere dominance, which extended over four World Cups, was broken at in 2003, when England beat Australia in the final. However the only all-Southern final was in 1995 (South Africa and the All Blacks). England (1991) and France (1987 and 1999) were runners-up in all the other tournaments before the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In addition, the cumulative spread of nations in the third/fourth place playoff is equal between both hemispheres over all tournaments. Thus far the only nations to host and win the tournament are New Zealand (1987) and South Africa (1995). The performance of other host nations includes England (1991 final host) and Australia (2003 host) being runners-up in 1991 and 2003 respectively. Of the 23 nations that have ever participated in at least one tournament, 12 of them have never missed a tournament.Argentina, Australia, Canada, England, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Romania, Scotland and Wales are the nations that have never missed a tournament, playing in all five thus far. The table below shows the 23 nations which have participated in one or more tournaments with their best achievement(s). Team ranking RECORDS AND STATISTICS See Also: Records and statistics of the Rugby World Cup The most overall points accumulated in the final stages is held by Scottish player Gavin Hastings with 227 from the 1987 to 1995. Grant Fox of New Zealand holds the record for most points in one competition, with 126 in 1987;22 Sean Fitzpatrick , also of New Zealand holds the record for most appearances with 17 from the 1987 to 1995. Simon Culhane holds the record for most points in a match by a player, as well he also holds the record for most conversions in a match, being 20.23 Marc Ellis holds the record for most tries in a match, scoring six.24 New Zealander Jonah Lomu holds the records for overall tries in final stages—15 in the 1995 to 99 tournaments and most tries in one competition, eight in 1999.2526 The record for most penalties in a match is 8, held by Matt Burke , Gonzalo Quesada , Gavin Hastings and Thierry Lacroix , and the record for most penalties in a tournament is held by Gonzalo Quesada (31). Most drop goals in a match is held by South Africa's Jannie De Beer . The most points scored in a game is 145—by the All Blacks against Japan in 1995, with the widest margin being 142, held by Australia in a match against Namibia in 2003.2728 SEE ALSO REFERENCES FURTHER READING
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