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The term public school has three distinct meanings:
In some countries, a public school is financed and operated by an agency of government which does not charge '' Tuition '' fees; instead, financing is obtained through Tax es or other government-collected revenues. This is in contrast to a Private School (also known as an Independent School ). Here, the word "public" is used in the same sense as in " Public Library ", that is, provided for the public at public expense. These public schools range in classes from kindergarten to four years of high school or secondary school, normally taking pupils up to the age of seventeen or eighteen. In some countries, including England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, ''public schools'' are independent schools and are generally open to any fee-paying member of the public, irrespective of religion, citizenship, etc., subject to the entrance requirements they may have. THE AMERICAS United States See Also: Education in the United States Public-school education in the United States is provided mainly by local governments, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. Curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies are set through locally elected School Board s by jurisdiction over School District s. The school districts are Special-purpose District s authorized by provisions of state law. Generally, state governments can and most, if not all, do set minimum standards relating to almost all activities of primary and secondary schools, as well as funding and authorization to enact local school taxes to support the schools -- primarily through real property taxes. The federal government funds aid to states and school districts that meet minimum federal standards. School accreditation decisions are made by voluntary regional associations. The first tax-supported public school in America was in Dedham, Massachusetts . Public school is normally split up into three stages: primary (elementary) school (kindergarten to 4th or 5th or 6th grade), junior high (also "intermediate", or "middle") school (5th or 6th or 7th to 8th) and high school (9th to 12th, somewhat archaically also called "secondary school"), with some less populated communities incorporating high school as 7th to 12th. Some Junior High Schools (Intermediate Schools) contain 7th to 9th grades or 7th and 8th, in which case the High School is 10th to 12th or 9th to 12th respectively. The middle school format is increasing in popularity, in which the Elementary School contains kindergarten through 5th grade and the Middle School contains 6th through 8th grade. In addition, some elementary schools are splitting into two levels, sometimes in separate buildings: Primary (usually K-2) and Intermediate (3-4 or 3-5). Some middle schools consist of only 7th and 8th grades. The K-8th format is also an emerging popular concept, in which students may attend only two schools for all of their K-12 education. Many Charter School s feature the K-8 format in which all primary grades are housed in one section of the school while the traditional junior high school aged students are housed in another section of the school. Some very small school districts, primarily in rural areas, still maintain a K-12 system in which all students are housed in a single school. In the United States , institutions of Higher Education that are subsidized by U.S. States are also referred to as "public." However, unlike public secondary schools, Public Universities charge tuition, though these fees are subsidized, particularly for "in-state" students, and are usually lower than those charged by Private Universities . Community College s are examples of public institutions of higher education, although there are many highly-regarded Universities that are deemed 'public', both due to their subsidized tuition for "in-state" students, and due to the fact that the administrations of many of these universities are elected via the general electoral ballot. Some believe that public schools are an essential part of the infrastructure of the United States. They are available to all citizens regardless of income level. These schools meet a fundamental societal need by creating an informed elecotrate, and promote the general welfare by creating a more skilled workforce. Others believe that most, if not all, public-school users benefit from government subsidies in attending public schools, thus their parents incur a lower cost (if any) to attend public schools than do their tuition-paying private-school counterparts to attend private schools, and given the existence, support for, and proliferation of Private School s, at present it remains indeterminate whether public schools are a government Entitlement Program , or a feature of the Welfare State . The issue is particularly contentious in the United States , where public-school curricula are fundamentally limited by principles of Constitutional Law . Canada Public-school education in Canada is a provincial responsibility and, as such, there are many variations between the provinces. Junior Kindergarten (or equivalent) exists as an official program in some, but not most, places. Kindergarten (or equivalent) is available in every province, but provincial funding and the level of hours provided varies widely. Starting at grade one, at about age five, there is universal publicly-funded access up to grade twelve (or equivalent). Schools are generally divided into Elementary or Primary school (Kindergarten to Grade 4, 5 or 6), Intermediate, Middle school or Junior High School (Grade 5, 6 or 7 to Grade 8 or 9), and Secondary, or High School (Grade 9 or 10 to 12). In some schools, particularly in rural areas, the elementary and middle levels can be combined into one school. Commencing in 2003, Grade 13, or OAC, was eliminated in Ontario. It had previously been required only for students who intended to go on to university. Children are required to attend school until the age of sixteen. Some Canadian provinces offer segregated-by-religious-choice, but nonetheless publicly-funded and publicly-regulated, religiously-based education. In Ontario , for example, Roman Catholic schools are known as "Catholic School", not "Public School", although these are, by definition, no less 'public' than their secular counterparts. The Act of Parliament which brought Alberta into Confederation stipulates that each school district in the province must have both a ''public school system'' and a ''separate school system''. (Despite their names, both school systems are considered "public" in the greater scope of the term, as both are funded by taxpayers.) In districts where the majority of taxpayers are Roman Catholics, the public school system is run by the Roman Catholic school board. In districts where the majority of taxpayers are not Roman Catholic, the separate school system is run by the Roman Catholic school board. A certain proportion of property taxes are allocated to schools; each taxpayer chooses which school system he or she wishes to support, and is allowed to vote for school trustees based on their choice. As of 2006 only one school district, St. Albert , has a majority of Roman Catholic taxpayers, but many districts (including St. Paul and Bonnyville ) have been majority Roman Catholic at one time or another. In Calgary , Jewish, Sikh, and Hindu public schools are also supported by the separate school system. Elsewhere In some countries, such as Brazil and Mexico , the term "public schools" (''escuelas públicas'' in Spanish , ''escolas públicas'' in Portuguese ) is used for educational institutions owned by the federal, state, or city governments which do not charge tuition. Such schools exist in all levels of education, from the very beginning through post-secondary studies. The later years of schooling are comparable to the State University systems in most US states. EUROPE Denmark See Also: Education in Denmark The Danish School system is supported today by tax-based Government al and Municipal funding from Day Care through primary and Secondary Education to Higher Education and there are no Tuition Fee s for regular students in public schools and Universities . The Danish public Primary School s, covering the entire period of compulsory education, are called '' Folkeskoler '' (literally 'people's schools' or 'public schools'). The ''Folkeskole'' consists of a voluntary pre-school class, the 9-year obligatory course and a voluntary 10th year. It thus caters for pupils aged 6 to 17. It is also possible for parents to send their children to various kinds of Private School s. These schools also receive government government-funding, although they are not public. In addition to this funding, these schools may charge a fee from the parents. England, Wales and Northern Ireland See Also: Independent school (UK) ]] In England , Wales and Northern Ireland the term "public school" refers to fee-charging independent Secondary Schools . The earliest known reference to a "public school" dates from 1364, when the Bishop Of Winchester wrote concerning "the public school" at Kingston , which was then part of the Diocese Of Winchester . {Link without Title} The term ''public'' then distinguished between education in a school and education by private tutors, which was usual in royal and aristocratic families at the time. In the 19th century, the term was used to refer to a select group of nine old English independent schools in the Public Schools Act 1868 , but many similar schools were soon to be established, and they were later joined by a number of ancient grammar schools which aimed to conform to the ethos of the nine schools named in the Act. The term ''public school'' is generally used now in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and sometimes Scotland to refer to any school that is a member of the for that sense of the term. The schools and their representative associations prefer the term "independent schools", but the news media in England and common usage often refer to them by the traditional name of "public schools". These schools were (and are) ''public'' in the sense of being open to all students without any geographical or religious restriction, though at the time of their foundation most older schools were run by the Church and were only open to members of the same denomination. The most important remaining restriction is the ability to afford the considerable fees for tuition and (for boarders) for room and board. However, most such schools are selective and pupils usually need to pass the Common Entrance Examination before being admitted. In these countries, the terms '' State School '' and ''county school'' are used for schools provided at public expense. The term ''private school'' means the same as in other English-speaking countries. In the United Kingdom the term "school" is not generally used to describe institutions of further or Higher Education , although it is used to denote academic and administrative divisions of learning within a University , such as a Medical School or a school of engineering or political science, for example. It is otherwise restricted to primary and secondary schools. See School . France The French educational system is highly centralized, organized, and ramified. It is divided into three stages:
''Primary'' Schooling in France is mandatory as of age 6, the first year of primary school. Many parents start sending their children earlier though, around age 3 as Kindergarten classes (''maternelle'') are usually affiliated to a borough's (''commune'') primary school. Some even start earlier at age 2 in ''pré-maternelle'' or ''garderie'' class, which is essentially a Daycare facility. See Also: Secondary education in France French secondary education is divided into two schools:
The completion of secondary studies leads to the '' Baccalauréat ''. ''Baccalauréat'' The ''baccalauréat'' (also known as ''bac'') is the end-of-''lycée'' diploma students sit for in order to enter University , a ''classe préparatoire'', or professional life. The term ''baccalauréat'' refers to the diploma and the examinations themselves. It is comparable to British A-Levels , American SAT s, the Irish Leaving Certificate and German Abitur . Most students sit for the ''baccalauréat général'' which is divided into 3 streams of study, called ''séries''. The ''série scientifique'' (S) is concerned with Mathematics and Natural Sciences , the ''série économique et sociale'' (ES) with Economics and Social Sciences , and the ''série littéraire'' (L) focuses on French and Foreign Languages and Philosophy . ''Tertiary education''
A striking trait of higher education in France, compared to other countries such as the and suburbs, there are 13 universities, most of which are specialized on one area or the other, and a large number of smaller institutions.
The '' Grandes écoles '' of France are higher education establishments outside the mainstream framework of the public Universities . They are generally focused on a single subject area, such as Engineering , have a moderate size, and are often quite selective in their admission of students. They are widely regarded as prestigious, and traditionally have produced most of France's scientists and Executives . Germany See Also: Education in Germany Education in of education. Decisions about the acknowledgment of private schools (the German equivalent to accreditation in the US) are also made by these ministries. However, public schools are automatically recognised, since these schools are supervised directly by the ministry of education bureaucracy. Kindergartens are not part of the German public school system. (Although the first kindergarten in the world was opened in 1840 by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel in the German town of Bad Blankenburg , and the term Kindergarten is even a Loanword from the German Language ). Article 7 Paragraph 6 of the German constitution (the '' Grundgesetz '') abolished pre-school as part of the German school system. However, kindergartens exist all over Germany, particularly in former East Germany , where many of these institutions actually are public, but these kindergartens are controlled by local authorities, charging tuition fees and are likewise not considered to be part of the public school system. A German public school does not charge tuition fees. The first stage of the German public school system is the ''Grundschule''. (Primary School - 1st to 4th grade or, in Berlin and Brandenburg , 1st to 6th grade) After Grundschule (at 10 or 12 years of age), there are four secondary schooling options:
A Gesamtschule largely corresponds to an American high school. However, it offers the same school leaving certificates as the other three types of German secondary schools - the Hauptschulabschluss (school leaving certificate of a Hauptschule after 9th Grade or in Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia after 10th Grade), the Realschulabschluss, also called Mittlere Reife, (school leaving certificate of a Realschule after 10th Grade) and Abitur, also called Hochschulreife, after 13th or seldom after 12th Grade. Students who graduate from Hauptschule or Realschule continue their schooling at a vocational school until they have full job qualifications. This type of German school, the ''Berufsschule'', is generally an upper-secondary public vocational school, controlled by the German federal government. It is part of Germany's Dual Education System . Students who graduate from a vocational school and students who graduate with good GPA from a Realschule can continue their schooling at another type of German public secondary school, the ''Fachoberschule'', a vocational high school. The school leaving exam of this type of school, the ''Fachhochschulreife'', enables the graduate to start studying at a Fachhochschule (polytechnic), and in Hesse also at a university within the state. The Abitur from a Gesamtschule or Gymnasium enables the graduate to start studying at a polytechnic or at a university in all states of Germany. In Germany, most institutions of higher education are subsidized by German states and are therefore also referred to as ''staatliche Hochschulen.'' (public universities) Most German public universities and polytechnics do not charge for tuition, though fees for guest or graduate students are charged by many universities. However, many German states plan to introduce general tuition fees for all students at public institutions of higher education in the near future. See the article Education In Germany for more details on public schools in Germany. Scotland See Also: Education in Scotland In Scotland, the term ''public school'' generally has the same meaning as in the USA (see above), but some better-known Scottish secondary Independent Schools are referred to as ''public schools'', as in the rest of the UK. Children start Primary School aged between four and a half and five and a half depending on when the child's birthday falls. Children born between March and August would start school at five years old and those born between September and February start school at age four-and-a-half. Pupils remain at primary school for seven years completing Primary One to Seven. Then aged eleven or twelve, they start Secondary School for a compulsory four years with the final two years being optional. In Scotland, school pupils sit Standard Grade exams at the age of fifteen/sixteen, sometimes earlier, for up to eight subjects including compulsory exams in English , Mathematics , a Foreign Language , a Science subject and a social subject; it is now required by the Scottish Parliament to have two hours of physical education a week. Each school may vary these compulsory combinations. The school leaving age is generally sixteen (after completion of standard grade), after which students may choose to remain at school and study for Access , Intermediate or Higher Grade and Advanced Higher exams. AUSTRALASIA Australia Education in Australia follows a , Secondary and Tertiary Education . Education is primarily regulated by the individual state governments, not the federal government. Education is compulsory up to an age specified by legislation; this age varies but is generally 15 or 16, that is prior to completing secondary education. Under the Australian Government’s Schools Assistance (Learning Together – Achievement Through Choice and Opportunity) Act 2004, all education authorities, including non-government schools, have now committed to implement a common school starting age by 1 January 2010 and a common description (nomenclature) for the year before Year 1 and the two years before Year 1. Post-compulsory education is regulated within the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF), a unified system of national qualifications in schools, vocational education and training (TAFEs and private providers) and the higher education sector (mainly universities). Primary and Secondary Primary and secondary education may be provided by:
There has been a strong drift of students to independent schools during the past decade. Government schools educate the majority of students and do not charge large tuition Fees (most do charge a fee as a ''contribution to costs''). The major part of their costs is met by the relevant State or Territory government. Independent schools, both religious or secular (the latter often with specialisations), may charge much higher fees. Whilst independent schools are sometimes considered 'public' schools like their English counterparts (as in the Associated Public Schools Of Victoria ), in some states of Australia, the term 'public school' is usually synonymous with a government school. ''Government schools'' can be divided into two types: open and selective. The open schools accept all students from their government defined catchment areas, while selective schools have high entrance requirements and cater to a much larger area. Entrance to selective schools is often highly competitive. In Victoria , for example, more than 3000 applicants sit the entrance exam each year competing for the 600 available places at Mac.Robertson Girls' High School and Melbourne High School . ASIA Hong Kong In Hong Kong the term ''government schools'' is used for free schools funded by the government. There are also subsidized schools (which are the majority in Hong Kong and many of which are run by Religious organizations), "Direct Subsidy Scheme" schools, private schools and international schools in Hong Kong. India and Sri Lanka In , Although it is a governmental school it has much autonomy. Pakistan In Pakistan , the term "public school" has historically been used for British-styled boarding schools such as Abbottabad Public School and Bahawalpur Public School. This has established a strong branding for the term "public school", and most of these schools are private, non-governmental boarding schools. These days there are plenty of schools in Abbottabad including major private schools. AFRICA South Africa See Also: Education in South Africa In South Africa , the South African Schools Act of 1996 recognised two categories of schools: public and independent. Independent schools include all private schools and schools that are privately governed. Independent schools with low tuition fees are state-aided and receive a subsidy on a sliding-scale. Traditional private schools that charge high fees receive no state subsidy. Public schools are all state-owned schools, including section 21 schools (formerly referred to as Model C or semi-private schools) that have a governing body and a degree of budget autonomy, as these are still fully-owned and accountable to the state. PURPOSE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLING Though it is hardly contentious that a basic grounding in arithmetic, the sciences, and the language of your area is beneficial, there is evidence that this is not the primary purpose of schools, especially those run by governments: that schools are used to indoctrinate students into the hierarchical culture that is generally called " stated that the purpose of compulsory education was "for the maintenance of proper social order and the securing of the right social growth." The Rockefeller Education Board, which funded the creation of a number of government schools, explicitly stated that the purpose of such schools was not to create or nurture "lawyers, doctors, preachers, politicians, statesmen, of which we have ample supply," but rather to "teach them to do in a perfect way the things their fathers and mothers are doing in an imperfect way (i.e. manual labor)." |
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