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Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population, often classified as " Enemies Of Workers ", deportations of nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the Ethnically Cleansed territories. In most cases their destinations were underpopulated remote areas, see Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union . DEPORTATIONS OF SOCIAL CATEGORIES Kulak s were the most numerous social category of deported by the Soviet Union . Resettlement of people officially designated as ''kulaks'' continued until early 1950, including several major waves. Some ethnic deportations, e.g., of Poles after 1939 from annexed territories of what is now Western Belarus and Western Ukraine (but was then Eastern Poland ), were also justified by political/social reasons. A number of Religion s, most prominent being Jehovah's Witnesses , were declared anti-Soviet, and Their Members Deported . TRANSFERS OF ETHNICITIES The wholesale removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by (1941 and 1944-1953) Lithuanians , Latvians , Estonians (1941 and 1945-1949), Volga German s (1941), Chechens , Ingushs (1944), Large numbers of kulaks regardless their nationality were resettled to Siberia and Central Asia . Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II , Stalin conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Approximately 50% of the resettled population died of diseases and Malnutrition . Estimates of the total number of deported Poles vary between 400,000 and 1.6 million people. During World War II, particularly in 1943-44, the Soviet government conducted a series of Deportation s. Some 1.9 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Treasonous collaboration with the invading Germans and anti-Soviet rebellion were the official reasons for these deportations. Out of approximately 183,000 Crimean Tatars, 20,000 or 10% of the entire population served in German battalions.Alexander Statiev, "The Nature of Anti-Soviet Armed Resistance, 1942-44", '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' (Spring 2005) 285-318 The deportations started with Poles from , Kalmyks , Chechens , Ingush , Balkars , Karachay s, and Meskhetian Turks . Other minorities evicted from the Black Sea coastal region included Bulgaria ns, Greeks , and Armenia ns. From the newly conquered Eastern Poland 400,000 people were deported. The same followed in the Baltic Republics of Latvia , Lithuania and Estonia (over 200,000 people were deported). Likewise, Romanians from Chernivtsi Oblast and Moldova had been deported in great numbers which range from 200,000 to 400,000. According to the last census in Russia and Kazakhstan , there are 20,000 Romanians in the latter while at least 180,000 exist in the former. The overwhelming majority of these deportees successfully made their trip to Central Asia. For example, out of 225,000 deported Crimeans, 193,000 or 86% were located in their appropriate settlements in October 1946. {Link without Title} In February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev in his speech '' On The Personality Cult And Its Consequences '' condemned the deportations as a violation of Leninist principles, asserting that the Ukrainians avoided such a fate "only because there were too many of them and there was no place to which to deport them." His government reversed most of Stalin's deportations, although it was not until as late as 1991 that the Crimean Tatars, Meskh s and Volga Germans were allowed to return ''en masse'' to their homelands. The deportations had a profound effect on the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union and they are still a major political issue - the memory of the deportations played a major part in the separatist movements in Chechnya and the Baltic republics. After World War II , the German population of the Kaliningrad Oblast , former East Prussia was replaced by the Soviet one, mainly by Russians . Between 1941 and 1952, almost a million German POWs died in the camps. Of the 95,000 German POWs captured at Stalingrad , only 5,000 survived to return home. The Red Army occupation led to the deportation to Siberia of more than 200,000 Ethnic Germans of Romania (around 75,000 Transylvanian Saxons ), Hungary and Yugoslavia . Most of them died in prison camps. Forced labor of German civilians in the Soviet Union was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German war reparations. The reported death rate was 39% among “arrested internees” from Upper Silesia and East Prussia . Poland and Soviet Ukraine conducted population exchanges - Poles that resided east of the established Poland-Soviet border were deported to Poland (c.a. 2 100 000 persons) and Ukrainians that resided west of the established Poland-Soviet Union border were deported to Soviet Ukraine. Population transfer to Soviet Ukraine occurred from September 1944 to April 1946 (ca. 450,000 persons). Some Ukrainians (ca. 200,000 persons) left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily (between 1944 and 1945). Forced migration in the 20th century Some peoples were deported after Stalin's death: in 1959, Chechen returnees were supplanted from the mountains to the Chechen plain. The mountaineers of Tajikistan , such as Yaghnobi People weere forcibly settled to the plain deserts in 1970s. LABOR FORCE TRANSFER Punitive transfers of population transfers handled by Gulag and the system of Involuntary Settlements In The Soviet Union were planned in accordance with the needs of the Colonization of the remote and underpopulated territories of the Soviet Union . (Their large scale has led to a controversial opinion in the West that the economic growth of the Soviet Union was largely based on the Slave Labor of Gulag prisoners.) At the same time, on a number of occasions the workforce was transferred by non-violent means, usually by means of "recruitment" (''вербовка''). This kind of recruitment was regularly performed at forced settlements, where people were naturally more willing to resettle. For example, the workforce of the Donbass and Kuzbass mining basins is known to have been replenished in this way. (As a note of historical comparison, in Imperial Russia the mining workers at state mines (''bergals'', "бергалы", from German ''Bergauer'') were often recruited in lieu of military service which, for a certain period, had a term of 25 years ). There were several notable campaigns of targeted workforce transfer.
When the war ended in May 1945, millions of former Russian citizens were and U.S. civilian authorities ordered their military forces in Europe to deport to the Soviet Union several millions of former residents of the USSR, including numerous persons who had left Russia and established different citizenship many years before. The forced repatriation operations took place from 1945-1947. Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal At the end of the World War II, there were more than 5 million "displaced persons" from the Soviet Union in the soldiers imprisoned by the Germans were sent to the Gulag (10 to 20 years was the usual term). Joseph Stalin killer file TIMELINE SEE ALSO
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