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's '' Vitruvian Man '', an important early achievement in the study of Physiology .]] Physiology (from Greek: φυσις, ''physis'', “nature, origin”; and λόγος, ''logos'', "knowledge") is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Physiology has traditionally been divided between Plant Physiology and Animal Physiology but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular Organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of Yeast Cells may also apply to Human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of Human Physiology to non-human animal Species . Plant physiology also borrows techniques from both fields. Its scope of subjects is at least as diverse as the Tree Of Life itself. Due to this diversity of subjects, research in animal physiology tends to concentrate on understanding how physiological traits changed throughout the Evolutionary History of animals. Other major branches of scientific study that have grown out of physiology research include Biochemistry , Biophysics , Paleobiology , Biomechanics , and Pharmacology . HISTORY Physiology can trace its roots back more than two millennia to Classical Antiquity , with the critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. Claudius Galenus (A.D. 126-circa 199), known as Galen , was the first to use systematic and carefully designed experiments to probe the function of the body. During the Middle Ages the ancient Greek medical traditions were further developed by Physicians In The Muslim World , most notably Avicenna , who introduced Experimentation and Quantification into the study of physiology, and Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), who was the first to correctly describe the Anatomy of the Heart , the Coronary Circulation , the structure of the Lungs , and the Pulmonary Circulation . He was also the first to describe the relationship between the lungs and the Aeration of the Blood . Following from the Middle Ages, the is sometimes referred to as a father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook 'Institutiones medicae'(1708). In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, most notably with Matthias Schleidan and Theodor Schwann 's "Cell theory" which radically stated in 1838 that organisms are made up of units called cells, along with Claude Bernard 's (1813-1878) many discoveries that ultimately led to his concept of, interieur (internal environment) which would later be taken up and championed as '''''' Homeostasis '''''' by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871-1945). AREAS OF PHYSIOLOGY Human and animal See Also: Human physiology Human physiology is the largest subfield of physiology, although Model Organism s are often used even in studies designed to increase knowledge of human physiology.
Plant Plant Physiology has differing subdivisions. For example, since plants do not have Muscles and Nerves , neither Myophysiology nor Neurophysiology applies.
Microorganisms In microorganism physiology, some areas of both plant and animal physiology are relvant, in addition to areas of physiology specific to Microorganisms , below:
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