Information AboutPeterborough |
|
Peterborough is a 2006 (vol.449) cc.517-518W For Ceremonial purposes it is in the County of Cambridgeshire . Peterborough Town Hall is 73.7 miles (118.6 km) north from the centre of London at Charing Cross . The city is situated on the River Nene , which flows into the North Sea approximately 30 miles (48 km) to the north-east. The local topography is notoriously flat and low-lying, and in some places lies below sea-level. The area known as the Fens falls to the east of Peterborough. The City of Peterborough includes the outlying settlement at RAF Wittering , and as a unitary authority borders Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and Cambridgeshire to the south and east. The history of human settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age , as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre. This site also shows evidence of Roman occupation. The Saxon period saw the establishment of an Abbey , which later became Peterborough Cathedral . The population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the nineteenth century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture. Following the Second World War growth was limited until designation as a New Town in the 1960s. The population is once again undergoing rapid expansion. The city council's master plan running to 2012 draws focus on the £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding areas. In common with much of the UK, industrial employment has fallen, with newer jobs tending to be in financial services and distribution. HISTORY Early history Remains of Bronze Age settlement can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre. The Romans established the fortified garrison town of Durobrivae on Ermine Street to the west of the city around AD 43. This was first mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary of the late second century. Peterborough (Gildenburgh, Burgus sancti Petri) is shown by its original name Medeshampstede to have been a Saxon village before AD 655 when Saxulf, a monk, founded the monastery on land granted to him for that purpose by Peada , King of Mercia . The Peterborough Chronicle , or later Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , was composed here by monks. Its name was altered to Burgh between AD 992 and 1005 after Abbot Kenulf had built a Defensive Wall around the minster; but the town does not appear to have been a Borough until the twelfth century. The burgesses received their first charter from "Abbot Robert" — probably Robert of Sutton (1262 - 1273). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.) '' Encyclopaedia Britannica '', vol.21 (11th Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 1911 (text in the public domain)
Historically the Dean and Chapter , who succeeded the Abbot as Lords Of The Manor , appointed a high Bailiff , and the Constables and other borough officers were elected at their Court Leet ; but the Municipal Borough was Incorporated in 1874 under the government of a Mayor , six Aldermen and 18 Councillors .Under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Wm. IV c.76) Among the privileges claimed by the abbot as early as the thirteenth century was that of having a prison for felons taken in the Soke. In 1576 Bishop Scamble sold the lordship of the hundred of Nassaburgh, which is coextensive with the Soke, to Queen Elizabeth I , who gave it to Lord Burghley , and from that time until the nineteenth century he and his descendants, the Marquesses Of Exeter , had a separate gaol for prisoners arrested in the Soke.Chisholm, op. cit. The abbot formerly held four Fairs , of which two, St. Peter's Fair, granted in 1189 and later held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday in July, and the Brigge Fair, granted in 1439 and later held on the first Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in October, were purchased by the Corporation from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1876.Ibid. The Bridge Fair, as it is now known, granted to the abbey by King Henry VI , still survives. Prayers for the opening of the fair were said at the morning service in the cathedral, followed by a civic proclamation and a sausage lunch at the Town Hall. It is traditional for the Mayor to lead a procession from the Town Hall to the fair where the proclamation is read, asking all persons to "behave soberly and civilly, and to pay their just dues and demands."Tebbs, Herbert F. ''Peterborough: A History'' (p.125) The Oleander Press, Cambridge, 1979 Modern history During the 1840s, railway lines began to open locally, but it was the Great Northern Railway's main line from London to York , which opened in 1850, that transformed Peterborough from a market town to an industrial centre. Lord Exeter had opposed the railway passing through Stamford , so Peterborough, situated between two main terminals at London and Doncaster , increasingly developed as a regional Railway hub. The railway, coupled with vast local clay deposits, enabled large scale Brick making and distribution to take place. The area was the UK's leading producer of bricks for much of the twentieth century. Brick making had been a small seasonal craft since the early nineteenth century, but during the 1890s successful experiments at Fletton using the harder clays from a lower level had created a much more efficient process.Davies, op. cit. (pp.23-24) Perkins Engines was established in Peterborough in 1932 by Frank Perkins , creator of the Perkins Diesel Engine. Thirty years later it employed more than a tenth of the population of Peterborough, mainly at Eastfield. Baker Perkins had relocated from London to Westwood , now the site of HMP Peterborough , in 1903, followed by Peter Brotherhood to Walton in 1906; both manufacturers of industrial machinery they too became major employers in the city.Ibid. (pp.26-27) British Sugar remains headquartered in Woodston , although the Sugar Beet factory, which opened there in 1926, was closed in 1991. Designated a 1967 , which states that the designation was made on 21 July 1967 There were to be four townships; at Bretton , Orton , Paston / Werrington and Castor . The last of these was never built, but a fourth township, called Hampton , is now taking shape south of the city. It was decided that the city should have a major indoor shopping centre at its heart. Planning permission was received in the late summer of 1976 and Queensgate, which contains over 90 stores and includes parking for 2,300 cars, was opened by Queen Beatrix Of The Netherlands in 1982. A new network of high-speed roads, known as ''parkways'', was also constructed around the city at this time.''Greater Peterborough Master Plan'' Peterborough Development Corporation, 1971 In the period between 1971 and 1991 Peterborough's population grew by 45.4%. New service-sector companies like , February 2005 ADMINISTRATION Politics The city formed a is the Conservative , Stewart Jackson MP, who defeated Labour's Helen Clark in the 2005 General Election . In 1997 the North West Cambridgeshire constituency was formed, incorporating parts of the city and neighbouring Huntingdonshire. The serving member is the Conservative , Shailesh Vara MP, who succeeded the (then) Rt Hon Dr. Sir Brian Mawhinney in 2005. Mawhinney, who had previously served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979, was created Baron Mawhinney of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire in 2005. Peterborough is included in the East Of England constituency for Elections to the European Parliament . It currently elects seven Members using the D'Hondt Method of Party-list Proportional Representation . Local Government From 1889 the ancient Soke Of Peterborough formed an Administrative County in its own right with boundaries similar, although not identical, to the current unitary authority.Under the Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c.41) The area however remained nominally part of Northamptonshire until 1965, when the Soke of Peterborough was merged with Huntingdonshire to form the county of Huntingdon And Peterborough .The Huntingdon and Peterborough Order 1964 (SI 1964/367), see Local Government Commission For England (1958 - 1967) , ''East Midlands General Review Area (Report No.3)'', July 1961 and ''Lincolnshire and East Anglia General Review Area (Report No.9)'', May 1965 In 1974 Huntingdon and Peterborough was abolished and the current District was created by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Peterborough, Peterborough Rural District and Barnack Rural District with Thorney Rural District , Old Fletton Urban District and part of the Norman Cross Rural District , which had existed since 1894.Under the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c.73) This became part of the Non-metropolitan County of Cambridgeshire .Under the Local Government Act 1972 (1972 cap.70) In 1998 the , ''Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Cambridgeshire'', October 1994 and ''Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin'', December 1995 The leader and cabinet model of decision-making, first adopted by the City Council in 2001, is similar to National Government . 2007 Health Service Peterborough , October 2006 In 2004 it became one of the first ten NHS foundation trusts in England. A £300 million health investment plan will see the transfer of the city's two hospitals to a single site by building a modern, flexible facility more suited to modern healthcare. The full planning application for the redevelopment of the 2007 ) Following merger of the Cambridgeshire, then East Anglian Ambulance Services, the East Of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust is responsible for the provision of statutory Emergency Medical Services in Peterborough. Public utilities Mains Water and Sewerage services are provided by Anglian Water , a former Nationalised Industry and Natural Monopoly , Privatised in 1989 and regulated by OFWAT . Following deregulation, the consumer has a choice of energy supplier. Electricity was formerly provided by Eastern Electricity , which was privatised in 1990. In 2002 the Supply Business was sold to Powergen and the Distribution Rights sold to EDF Energy . Natural Gas was (and still is) supplied by British Gas , which was privatised in 1986. Distribution and, as with electricity, Transmission , is the responsibility of the National Grid , having been demerged as Transco in 1997. These industries are regulated by OFGEM . 2007 ) These businesses are regulated by OFCOM . ECONOMY Regeneration Peterborough is currently experiencing an economic boom compared to the rest of the country, believed to be due to the regeneration plan laid out for the city over the coming decade or so. In 2005 economic growth was on average 5.5%, whilst in Peterborough it was 6.9%, the highest in the UK. Peterborough's Community Strategy Greater Peterborough Partnership, Progress Report Summary 2006 This is a chart of trend of regional , December 2006 Recent figures, plotting growth from 1995 to 2004, reveal that Peterborough has become the most successful economy among unitary authorities in the East of England. The chart also reveals that Peterborough's economy is growing faster than the East of England average and any other economy in the region.Hastings, David and Swadkin, Claire Regional economic indicators with a focus on the differences in regional economic performance Economic and Labour Market Review, vol.1 no.2 (pp.52-64) February 2007 In January 2007, Peterborough was named as the leading city in driving forward the UK's business growth, with an impressive 3.78% increase between April and September 2006. Peterborough leads UK’s business population growth, according to Royal Mail’s Business Barometer Royal Mail , 19 January 2007 Employment According to the 2006 Future employment will also be created through the master plan for the city centre launched by the council in 2003. Predictions of the levels and types of employment created were published in 2005.''The Plan for Peterborough City Centre'' op. cit. These include 1,421 jobs created in retail; 1,067 created in a variety of leisure and cultural developments; 338 in three hotels; and a further 4,847 jobs created in offices and other workspaces. Recent relocations of large employers include both 2006 Peterborough, with traditionally low levels of unemployment, is a popular destination for workers and has seen significant growth through the migration of workers over decades; from the city's 2006 Demand for short term employees from organisations remains high and the market supports up to 20 high street recruitment agencies at any one time. TRANSPORT Enquiries, 28 November 2006 Peterborough has a Business Airport with a paved runway at Holme and a Recreational Airfield hosting a well-known parachute school at Sibson . The 2007 ) The A1/A1(M) broadly follows the path of the historic Great North Road from St. Paul's Cathedral at the heart of London, through Peterborough (Junction 17), continuing north a further 335 miles (539 km) to central Edinburgh. Ermine Street used to pass through Durobrivae , the slight remains of which can be seen to the east, alongside the A1 at Peterborough. In 1899 the British Electric Traction Company sought permission for a Tramway joining the northern suburbs with the city centre. The system, which operated under the name Peterborough Electric Traction Company, opened in 1903 and was abandoned in favour of motor buses in 1930, when the company was merged into the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company .Brandon and Knight, op. cit. (pp.47-49) Today, bus services in the city are operated by several companies including the Stagecoach Group (Cambus and Viscount) and Delaine Buses . Despite its large-scale growth, Peterborough has the fastest peak and off-peak travel times for a city of its size in the UK, due to the construction of the Parkways . The Local Transport Plan anticipates expenditure totalling around £180 million for the period up to 2010 on major road schemes to accommodate development. The Second Local Transport Plan Peterborough City Council, March 2006 The Peterborough Millennium 2007 Another long distance footpath, the Hereward Way , runs from Oakham in Rutland , through Peterborough, to East Harling in Norfolk . DEMOGRAPHICS Ethnicity Peterborough is home to one of the largest concentrations of , who first arrived in Peterborough in 1956, purchased an old school and converted it into a church named after the Patron Saint of workers San Giuseppe . By 1991 over 3,000 Christenings of second-generation Italians had been carried out there.Ibid. (p.235) The population of Peterborough has, over the last few years, grown much faster than the national average, mainly due to immigration. In the late twentieth century, the main source of immigration has been from 2006 Modern Peterborough is a rapidly developing city and one that continues to change. The city hasn't changed without problems however. In May 2004 groups of Pakistani residents clashed with Since then, race relations have improved significantly. The number of languages in use is growing and diversity is spreading where previously few languages other than English were spoken. Peterborough now offers classes in Italian , Urdu and Punjabi in its primary schools. Positively Plurilingual: The contribution of community languages to UK education and society (p.6) CILT the National Centre for Languages, 2006 As Peterborough expands and attracts more UK and foreign citizens, it has introduced a new statutory development plan. Peterborough Local Plan (First Replacement) Peterborough City Council, July 2005 Its aim is to accommodate an extra 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people living in Peterborough by 2020. The Hampton township will be completed, south Stanground will have a 1,500 home development and Paston a 1,200 home development. To help cope with the influx of people moving to the city, thought to be many thousands a year, the council has put forward plans to construct an average of 1,300 homes every year until 2021. Housing Strategy Statement Peterborough City Council, July 2004 Religion 2006 In comparison with the rest of the country, Peterborough has a lower proportion of and New England areas of the city, where two large Mosques (including the Faidhan-e-Madina Mosque ) are based. Peterborough also has both Hindu (Bharat Hindu Samaj) and Sikh (Singh Sabha Gurdwara) temples in these areas. The 2004 The city falls wholly within the Roman Catholic Diocese Of East Anglia , which has its seat at the Cathedral Church of Saint John The Baptist , Norwich. CULTURE Education Peterborough's 2007 ) '' Oxford University Press, October 2006 The city has its own and Adult Learning Inspectorate, 17 October 2006 The city is currently without its own 2006 The Arts Each year Peterborough enjoys a wide range of events including the annual East of England Show, (retrieved 20 April 2007 ) The Key Theatre, built in 1973, is situated on the embankment, next to the River Nene. The theatre provides entertainment, enlightenment and education by reflecting the rich culture Peterborough has to offer. The programme is made up of home-grown productions, national touring shows, local community productions and one-off concerts. There is disabled access, an infrared hearing system for the deaf and hard of hearing and there are also regular signed performances. ''The Key Times'' is the theatre's newspaper, available free of charge from the last Saturday of each month In 1937 the 2001 The John Clare Theatre within the new central library, also on Broadway, is home to the Peterborough Film Society. One of the region's leading venues, The Cresset in Bretton , provides a wide range of events for the residents of the city and beyond, including theatre, comedy, music and dance. Peterborough has a Showcase Cinema , an ice rink and two bowling alleys. Throughout the city there are a diverse range of restaurants. These include Chinese & Cantonese , Indian & Nepalese , Thai and many Italian restaurants. In the closing months of 2006, Polish , Japanese and Mexican restaurants were all opened. Sport 2006 As well as .Bath, David A History of Rugby Union in the Peterborough Area with special reference to the history of Peterborough Rugby Union Football Club An extended version of a paper delivered to the Peterborough Burgh Society, October 2002 Peterborough City Rowing Club moved from its riverside setting to the current Thorpe Meadows location in 1983. The spring and summer regattas held there attract rowers and scullers from competing clubs from all over the country. Every February the adjacent River Nene is host to the head of the river race, which again attracts hundreds of entries. ROWING: Hunt and Gilbert strike gold for City Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 07 February 2006 Peterborough Phantoms are the city's ice hockey team, playing in the English Premier Ice Hockey League . Peterborough Athletic Club train and compete at the embankment athletics arena. The club has proved successful in producing talented athletes over the years. Speedway (a form of motorcycle racing) is also a popular sport in Peterborough, with races being held at the East of England Showground. Media There is a major radio 2004 Another transmission site at Gunthorpe , in the north east of the city, transmits AM / MW and local FM radio. The site is only 10 feet (3 m) above sea level and has a 270 feet (83 m) high active insulated guyed mast situated on it. Peterborough has four local Radio stations and one regional station. Hereward FM , named after Hereward The Wake , is the original Independent Local Radio station in the city and still holds a large section of the market on 102.7 MHz. Hereward's sister station Classic Gold 1332 is now part of the national Classic Gold network. Lite FM 106.8 is Peterborough's second commercial radio station and Radio Cambridgeshire, which also has studios in the city, broadcasts local output in place of countywide programming on 95.7 MHz at peak listening times. Kiss 105-108 is the regional station for the East of England, broadcasting on 107.7 MHz in Peterborough. Peterborough is in the Anglia Television franchise area for Independent Television . This is transmitted with BBC One and Two (East) , Channel 4 and Channel 5 from Sandy Heath . The Digital Switchover will take place in 2011 in the East of England. The Peterborough Evening Telegraph or ''ET'' is the city's Newspaper , published Monday to Saturday with local news, jobs, property, motors and entertainment supplements and a Saturday lifestyle magazine. The Evening Telegraph is owned by East Midlands Newspapers Ltd., part of Johnston Press Plc. Its website, Peterborough Today, is updated six days a week. The Peterborough Herald and Post is the weekly free paper delivered to every home in the city. The Herald and Post is owned by Midlands Weekly Media Ltd., part of Trinity Mirror Plc. The publisher, Emap , traces its origins in Peterborough, as the East Midland Allied Press, back to 1854. PLACES OF INTEREST The , retrieved 23 April 2007 ) The Cathedral has the distinction of having had two queens buried beneath its paving, Katherine Of Aragon and Mary, Queen Of Scots . The remains of Queen Mary were later removed to Westminster Abbey by her son James I when he became King of England. The general layout of Peterborough is attributed to Martin de Vecti who, as abbot from 1133 to 1155, rebuilt the settlement on dry limestone to the west of the monastery, rather than the often-flooded marshlands to the east. Abbot Martin was responsible for laying out the market place and the wharf beside the river. Peterborough's magnificent seventeenth century Guildhall, built shortly after the Restoration of King Charles II , is supported by columns, to provide an open ground floor for the butter and poultry markets which used to be held there. The Market Place was renamed Cathedral Square and the adjacent Gates Memorial Fountain moved to Bishop's Road Gardens in 1963, when the weekly market was transferred to the site of the old cattle market.Skinner, Julia (with particular reference to the work of Robert Cook) ''Did You Know? Peterborough — A Miscellany'' (pp.33, 25 & 16) The Francis Frith Collection, Salisbury, 2006 The city has a large design, was opened in 1936 and is one of the few survivors of its type still in use.Brandon and Knight, op. cit. (pp.111-112) Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery is housed in a Georgian townhouse, built in 1816, which served as the city's first infirmary from 1857 to 1928. The museum has a collection of some 227,000 objects, including local archaeology, from the products of the local Roman pottery industry to Britain's oldest known murder victim; one of the finest collections of marine dinosaurs in the world; local art and social history, including manuscripts of the romantic poet John Clare ; and the Norman Cross collection of items made by French Prisoners of War. These prisoners were kept at Norman Cross on the outskirts of Peterborough from 1797 to 1814, in what is believed to be the world's first purpose built prisoner of war camp. Peterborough Museum also holds regular temporary exhibitions, weekend events and guided tours.For more details see Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery Burghley House is a country house to the north of Peterborough, near Stamford , built for Sir William Cecil , later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I from 1555 to 1587. The house, with a park laid out by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown in the eighteenth century, is one of the principal examples of sixteenth century English architecture. Turner, Roger ''Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape'' (pp.110–112) Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 1999 The estate hosts the annual Burghley Horse Trials . Longthorpe Tower is a fourteenth century, three-storey tower and fortified manor house in the care of English Heritage , situated about two miles (3 km) to the west of the city centre. Longthorpe Tower contains the finest and most complete set of domestic paintings of the period in northern Europe.Salter, Mike ''The Castles of East Anglia'' (p.21) Folly Publications, Malvern, 2001 Exhibitions are held there from time to time by local artists. Flag Fen is a Bronze Age archaeological site discovered in 1982. Probably religious, it comprises a large number of poles arranged in five long rows, connecting Whittlesey with Peterborough across the wet fenland. The museum exhibits many of the artefacts found, including what is believed to be the oldest wheel in Britain. An exposed section of the Roman road known as the Fen Causeway also crosses the site. Pryor, Francis ''Flag Fen: Life and Death of a Prehistoric Landscape'' Tempus Publishing, Stroud, 2005 The Nene Valley Railway is a seven and a half mile (12 km) Heritage Railway , which was one of the last passenger lines to fall under the Beeching Axe . In 1974 the former development corporation bought the line, running from the city centre to Yarwell Junction just west of Wansford , via Orton Mere and the 500 acre (202 ha) Ferry Meadows country park, and leased it to the Peterborough Railway Society.Rhodes, John ''The Nene Valley Railway'' Turntable Publications, Sheffield, 1976 The 2007 ) Southey Wood is a mixed woodland, between the villages of (retrieved 30 April 2007 ) FAMOUS PETERBORIANS Peterborough is the birthplace of many celebrities and historical figures, including the 2007 ) Two famous businessmen are Cav. Peter Boizot 2007 ) and Hereward The Wake , an outlaw who led resistance against William The Conqueror and now lends his name to several places and businesses in Peterborough.Montalbano, op. cit. GEOGRAPHY The local topography is notoriously flat and low-lying, and in some places lies below sea-level. The lowest point on land in the British Isles is at Holme Fen just to the south of the city. Largest of the many settlements along the Fen edge, Peterborough has been called the ''Gateway to the Fens''. The city includes the outlying settlement at RAF Wittering, the ''Home of the Harrier '', and as a unitary authority borders Northamptonshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and administrative Cambridgeshire to the south and east. The city centre is located at 52°35'N Latitude 0°15'W Longitude or Ordnance Survey National Grid Reference TL 185 998. Urban areas of the city '' Townships are in bold type'' Bretton - Dogsthorpe - Eastfield - Eastgate - Fengate - Fletton - Gunthorpe - ''' Hampton ''' - Longthorpe - Millfield - Netherton - Newark - New England - ''' The Ortons ''' - Paston - Parnwell - Ravensthorpe - Stanground - Walton - ''' Werrington ''' - West Town - Westwood - Woodston Surrounding villages in the district ''These are Civil Parishes . Parishes do not cover the whole of England and mostly exist in rural areas. They are usually administered by parish councils which have various local responsibilities'' Ailsworth - Bainton - Barnack - Borough Fen - Castor - Deeping Gate - Etton - Eye - Glinton - Helpston - Marholm - Maxey - Newborough - Northborough - Peakirk - Southorpe - Sutton - Thorney - Thornhaugh - Ufford - Upton - Wansford - Wittering - Wothorpe According to the 2007 ) Peterborough lies in the middle of several distinct regional accent groups and as such has a hybrid of Fenland East Anglian , East Midland and London Estuary English features. The city falls just north of the A vowel Isogloss and as such most native speakers will use the Flat A , as found in ''cat'', in words such as ''last''. Yod-dropping is often heard from Peterborians, as in the rest of East Anglia, for example ''new'' as . However, the large number of newcomers has impacted greatly on the English spoken by the younger generation. Common so-called Estuary English features such as L-vocalisation , T-glottalisation and Th-fronting give today's Peterborough accent a definite South-eastern sound.Britain, David Surviving Estuary English: Innovation diffusion, koineisation and local dialect differentiation in the English Fenland Essex Research Reports in Linguistics, vol.41 (pp.74-103) University of Essex, Department of Language and Linguistics, 2002 AFFILIATIONS Town twinning started in Europe after the Second World War. Its purpose was to promote friendship and greater understanding between the people of different European cities. A twinning link is a formal, long-term friendship agreement involving co-operation between two communities in different countries and endorsed by both local authorities. The two communities organise projects and activities around a range of issues and develop an understanding of historical, cultural, lifestyle similarities and differences. Peterborough is Twinned with the following towns: Alcalá De Henares , Spain ''Queen Katherine's birthplace'' (since 1986) Bourges , France (since 1957) Forlì , Italy (since 1981) Viersen , Germany (since 1982) Vinnytsya , Ukraine (since 1991) The city also has more informal friendship links with 2007 ) FOOTNOTES SEE ALSO
EXTERNAL LINKS
|
|
|