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OVERVIEW Shootouts are almost always used only in knockout (as opposed to league) games, to decide who will progress to the next stage of a tournament, or who will win it. Usually Extra Time has been played first. However, the Copa Libertadores has a penalty shootout immediately after the end of a two-legged tie that is level on aggregate, with no extra time played. Since 2005, this takes place if there is no winner on Away Goals . In the late 1980s, a number of European football leagues, including Hungary, Yugoslavia and Norway, experimented with penalty shootouts immediately after drawn league matches, with the winner gaining one point more than the loser. This was soon abandoned. In the United States, Major League Soccer initially also had a shootout immediately following the end of full-time, even during league matches. This has also since been abandoned. Penalty shootouts do not follow the penalty kick law. However, they follow similar procedure to penalty kicks and are popularly referred to as "penalties". During a shootout, players other than the kicker and the defending goalkeeper must remain in the centre circle (other than the kicking team's goalkeeper, who stands on the junction of goal line and penalty area near to the assistant referee). Goals scored during the shootout are not included in the final score, nor are they added to the goalscoring records of the players involved. Strictly speaking, kicks from the penalty mark do not result in a match winner. The match remains a draw and the result of the kicks is merely used to select a winner to progress to the next stage of the tournament (or win it in the case of the final). However, in popular usage a team is often said to have "won on penalties", and such matches have their result recorded as (for example): "Team A 2–2 Team B a.e.t, Team B won 5–4 on penalties". In some competitions (not FIFA or MLS), the final score is recorded as a one goal victory in favour of the team winning the shootout, although there is no official "match-winning goal." For example if a team wins a shootout after a scoreless game the final score would be reported as 1-0, regardless of how many shootout goals there were. This was MLS's practice in the years when shootouts decided every match. However, this is only done mainly at the high school levels now. PROCEDURE The following is a summary of the procedure for kicks from the penalty mark:
In reality, goalkeepers seldom remain on the goal-line and move forward with the aim of reducing the angle of the penalty shot, therefore increasing their chance of saving the penalty, albeit unfairly. If the shot is saved, the referee can call for a retake of the penalty, but again, this seldom ever happens.
HISTORY Knockout ties were previously decided by drawing of lots, for example in 1968 when Italy reached the European Championship Final against the USSR. The penalty shootout is usually credited as the invention of former referee Karl Wald, from Frankfurt-am-Main {Link without Title} . When proposed in 1970, the Bavarian football association attempted to block the suggestion, and it was only when the majority of delegates said they were in favour that the officials gave their backing. Shortly afterwards, the German football association followed suit and UEFA and FIFA also accepted the proposal {Link without Title} . Israel i Yosef Dagan is also claimed by some to have invented the method, after the Israel National Football Team was eliminated from the 1968 Summer Olympics semi-finals due to a coin toss. Initially, teams did not alternate their kicks. One side kicked five times, followed by the other. The shootout ended as soon as the winner became obvious. In case of a draw, both teams had a second round of five kicks each until a winner was decided. Alternation was introduced by 1976. In England, the first ever penalty shootout took place in 1970 between Hull City and Manchester United during the Watney Cup , and was won by Manchester United. The first footballer to take a kick was George Best , and the first to miss was Denis Law . Ian McKechnie, the Hull City goalkeeper was therefore the first goalkeeper to save a penalty in a penalty shootout and he too was the first goalkeeper to take the deciding kick and missed, blasting the ball over the bar and Hull City out of the Watney Cup. The first major international tournament to be decided by a penalty shootout was the Euro 76 final between Czechoslovakia and West Germany . Czechoslovakia won 5–3, and the deciding kick was converted by Antonín Panenka with a "chip" after Uli Hoeneß had put the previous kick over the crossbar. The finals of three major FIFA competitions have gone to penalty shootouts. The first two of these took place in the same stadium, the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California , USA .
Goalkeepers have been known to win shootouts by their kicking. For example, in a 's José Luis Chilavert in the Copa Libertadores 1994 finals. On 31 August 2005 , a new British record was established when a shootout between Tunbridge Wells and Littlehampton Town involved 40 kicks being taken. {Link without Title} In the FA Cup penalty kicks were introduced in the 1991–92 Season to decide matches still level after a replay and extra time, replacing a series of replays that in the past had led to fixture disruption, especially disliked by the top clubs. Two first round ties that season became the first FA Cup ties to be decided on penalties ( Rotherham United beat Scunthorpe United and Colchester United beat Exeter City ).1 A penalty shootout was first used in the FA Cup Final in 2005, when Arsenal beat Manchester United 5-4. The following year, Liverpool beat West Ham United in the FA Cup final's second ever penalty shootout. [http://www.thefa.com/TheFACup/TheFACup/NewsAndFeatures/Postings/2006/05/FACF06_MatchReport.htm The Community Shield was also settled using penalties, following the normal 90 minutes of play, but no extra time. Manchester United have twice won the shield via a shootout, beating Arsenal in 2003 and Chelsea in 2007. On the latter occasion goalkeeper Edwin Van Der Sar saved three Chelsea penalties. On 16 November 2005 , a place in the World Cup was directly determined by a penalty shootout for the first time. The 2006 FIFA World Cup Qualifying Playoff between Australia and Uruguay ended 1–1 on aggregate, with Uruguay winning the first leg 1–0 at home and Australia winning the second leg at home by the same score. A scoreless 30 minutes of Extra Time was followed by a shootout, which Australia won 4–2. On 20 June 2007 , a new UEFA record was established2. The semi final of the European U21-championships in Heerenveen between The Netherlands U21 and England U21 finished in 1-1. 32 penalties had to be taken before the tie was decided. The Netherlands U21 won 13-12. STATISTICS Below are the overall penalty shootout records of countries at major tournaments. The table is ordered by significant success rate (teams that participated in at least four penalty shootouts are shown at the top), followed by the number of shootouts won. CRITICISMS AND ALTERNATIVES Penalty shootouts have been seen as variously thrilling and as an unsatisfactory way to decide a football match. Various alternatives have been proposed. Golden Goal and Silver Goal methods to encourage a result without resort to penalties have been tried. However, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) discontinued their use in 2004. These were not seen as a success, as they led to defensive play rather than encouraging the teams to try to score goals. The reason being that the fear of having a goal scored against them seemed more important than trying to score a goal themselves. In the event of a draw, current alternatives to penalty shootouts include replaying (where possible) a match that has ended in a draw (as still occurs in the quarter-finals and earlier rounds of the English FA Cup ). Other suggestions have included using elements of match play such as most shots on goal, most however, in June 2007 Sepp Blatter stated that he wants no more penalty shootouts in world cup finals. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Sepp-Blatter-Wants-NO-More-Penalty-Shootout-in-World-Cup-Final-36692.shtml AMERICAN EXPERIMENTS The North American Soccer League in the 1970s and then Major League Soccer in the 1990s experimented with a variation of the shootout procedure. A shootout consisted of a player starting with the ball 35 yards from the goal and having five seconds to try and score a goal, with as many touches as he wished in that time span. This procedure is similar to that used in an Ice Hockey Penalty Shot . As with a standard shootout, this variation used a best-of-five-kicks model, and if the score was still level, the tiebreaker would head to an extra round of one attempt per team. The MLS abandoned this experiment in 2000. SEE ALSO
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